tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-45985177659372279822024-03-13T22:14:27.568-07:00muhzilcyahpatiمحز اليسرىhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01762372864007331110noreply@blogger.comBlogger10125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4598517765937227982.post-8454513848755788022012-06-07T21:26:00.000-07:002012-06-07T22:27:17.794-07:00شعر محمد مغز اليسرى<h2 align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">محمد مغز اليسرى</span></b></h2>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">109296</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 28pt; line-height: 115%;">البحر الرَّمل</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">"فاعلاتن فاعلاتن # فاعلاتن فاعلاتن"</span></div>
<div align="right">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" dir="rtl" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -11.1pt; mso-border-insideh: none; mso-border-insidev: none; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-dir: bidi; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.9pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="RTL"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span>" </span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;">إسْمَحِيْ
لِيْ ياَ سُرُوْرِيْ</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.3pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;">لَحْظَةً
وَقْتً لِنَضْركْ "</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.9pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="RTL"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span>" حَالِيًا قََدْ شَعرْْتُ</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.3pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;">أشْعُرُ
الْحُبَّ الْعُلى "</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 233.9pt;" valign="top" width="312"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="RTL"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span>" كُنْتُ وُلْيَ الْحُبِّ لَكْ</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 239.3pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;">أَجْعَلُ
الصَّوَابَ لَكْ "</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">Penjelasan:</span></i></b></div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" dir="rtl" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: -25.25pt; width: 680px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.55pt;" valign="top" width="170"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt;">عروضه</span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-right: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt;">ضربه</span></b></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-right: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0cm;" valign="top" width="340"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt;">حشو</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;">ياَ
سُرُوْرِيْ</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18pt;">صحيح</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt;">تً
لِنَضْركْ</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18pt;">صحيح</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.0pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt;">إسْمَحِيْ
لِيْ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 22pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> /</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt;">لَحْظَةً وَقْ</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt;"></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18pt;">صحيح</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;">قََدْ
شَعرْْتُ</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18pt;">صحيح</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt;">بَ
الْعُلى</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18pt;">محذوف</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.0pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;">حَالِياً</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>/</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;">أشْعُرُ الْحُبْ</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">محذوف</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>/</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">صحيح</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;">حُبِّ
لَكْ</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.6pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18pt;">محذوف</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 77.95pt;" valign="top" width="104"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt;">وَابَ
لَكْ</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.65pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18pt;">محذوف</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.0pt;" valign="top" width="217"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;">كُنْتُ
وُلْيَ الْ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>/</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 22pt; line-height: 150%;">أَجْعَلُ
الصَّ</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">صحيح</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>/</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="RTL"></span> الكاف</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<br /></div>محز اليسرىhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01762372864007331110noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4598517765937227982.post-64374992235188128362012-06-04T07:27:00.000-07:002012-06-04T07:28:49.545-07:00PERAN PENDIDIKAN BAHASA ARAB TERHADAP PEMAHAMAN PLURALISME DAN RADIKALISME AGAMA DI INDONESIA<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendahuluan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bangsa
Indonesia adalah bangsa besar, bangsa yang berdiri di atas dasar-dasar
kemasyarakatan yang kaya dan majemuk, baik dari sisi etnis, agama, ras, dan
bahasa, adat istiadat maupun kebudayaan. Kemajemukan itu merupakan kenyataan
sosiologis dan kultural yang tidak mungkin ditolak, karena ia menjadi ciri
paling khas dari eksistensibangsa Indonesia yang telah berakar dalam sejarah
masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dinamapun kenyataan
pluralisme memang menghadirkan wajah ganda. Satu sisi pluralisme atau
kemajemukan dapat menjadi sumber kerawanan nasionalberupa disintegrasi bangsa
bahkan perpecahan. Pada sisi yang lain, kemajemukan bangsa adalah aset nasional
yang potensial bagi pengembangan kehidupan demokrasi bangsa dan pemantapan
persatuan nasional yang berlandaskan semangat persaudaraan yang otentik.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh karena itu eksistensi kemajemukan harus dipandang
secara optimis dalam kerangka menumbuhkembangkankehidupan berbangsa dan
bernegara yang lebih terbuka dan demokratis. Cara pandang yang optimis terhadap
masalah kemajemukan bangsa akan menegaskan dua hal: pertama, kesungguhan dan
konsistensi untuk menjaga eksistensi kemajemukan. Artinya kemajemukan sebagai
sebuah realitas tidak boleh dipaksakan menjadi seragam atau tunggal, melainkan
dibiarkan untuk tumbuh dan berkembang sesuai dengan jatidiri masing-masing.
Kedua, kemajemukan itu harus dikelola secara tepat agar kondusif bagi
pengembangan tata kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara yang lebih terbuka dan
demokratis.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam hubungan
antar umat beragama, trauma sejarah dan hambatan psikologis masih berkembang
dikalangan tokoh dan umat beragama sendiri, sehingga keberhasilan upaya
perdamaian pasca konflik seperti Malino di Poso dan Maluku tidak semudah
seperti yang diharapkan. Salah satu hambatan itu –yang sering kemudian secara
sengaja atau tidak sengaja menjadi konflik ideologis dan mempunyai dampak
politik –adalah masih berkembangnya pola pemahaman keagamaan yang bersifat <i>harfiyyah</i>,
tekstual, dan parsial dalam melihat eksistensi agama-agama lain. Misalnya,
banyak istilah dan idiom seperti jihad dan kafir dalam kitab keagamaan sering
dipakai menjustifikasi kepentingan identitas kelompok untuk bertahan dari atau
melawan kelompok lain sehingga terjadi "pemaksaan penafsiran".
Ayat-ayat al-Qur'an ditafsirkan secara terpisah, serta "dicabut" dari
konteks historis (asbab nuzul dan situasi sosio kultural) dan hubungan redaksi antar ayat
disekitarnya (munasabat al-ayat).
Padahal, penafsiran a-historis dan a-kontekstual mempermudah terjadinya
kontradiksi dalam memahami kitab suci seperti al-Qur'an.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh karena
hampir 80% penduduk Indonesia beragama Islam, maka tentulah umat islam mempunyai
peranan yang cukup signifikan dalam masalah pluralisme ataupun radikalisme
agama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap agama
mempunyai kitab suci yang dijadikan acuan dalam bersikap dan bertindak,
termasuk Islam yang menjadikan al-Qur'an dan al-Hadits sebagai pedoman hidup,
oleh karena kedua sumber ajaran tersebut menggunakan bahasa Arab, maka peran
pendidikan bahasa Arab dirasa sangat penting sebagai penghantar untuk memahami
secara tepat dan bijak tentang isi ajaran kedua sumber tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesuai dengan
uraian pada pendahuluan diatas, maka penulis mencoba mengetengahkan
permasalahan yang berhubungan dengan moralitas bangsa dengan rumusan masalah
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">“Apa peran
pendidikan bahasa Arab dalam pemahaman terhadap pluralisme dan radikalisme
agama di Indonesia?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Islam and Arabic Language
are two different entities that could not be separated</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">. <i>The relations between the two could be likened as body and spirit.
Muslim concern to Arabic is one of the key factors that would strengthen Islam,
and hence Muslims' disregard to it would weaken Islam.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa Arab dan
agama Islam adalah dua hal yang tidak dapat dipisahkan. Keduanya ibarat ruh dan
jasad. Perhatian terhadap bahasa Arab merupakan salah satu faktor penguat bagi
agama Islam, dan ketidak pedulian terhadap bahasa Arab merupakan faktor yang
dapat memperlemah agama Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 361.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">إن اللغة العربية لغة مهمة عند المسلمين إذ أنها لغة
القرأن الكريم والأحاديث الشريفة . قال الله تعالى: (إنا أنزلناه قرأنا عربيا
لعلكم تعقلون)</span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span dir="LTR" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></i><span lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt;">وقال: (كتاب فصلت
أياته فرأنا عربيا لقوم يعقلون) وقال أيضا: (وإنه لتنزيل رب العالمين نزل به الروح
الأمين على قلبك لتكون من المنذرين بلسان عربي مبين). فمع نزول القرأن باللغة
العربية إرتفع شأنها وزاد الإهتمام بها لخدمة الدين الإسلامي ولغرض فهم القرأن
الكريم المنزل بها.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: -.05pt; margin-right: 35.45pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 361.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa Arab
merupakan bahasa yang sangat penting bagi umat Islam, hal ini dikarenakan bahasa
Arab adalah bahasa al-Qur'an dan al-Hadits. Dalam al-Qur'an Allah berfirman:(sesungguhnya
Aku Allah menurunkan al-Qur'an dengan bahasa Arab supaya kalian semua
berfikir), (kitab yang dijelaskan ayat-ayatnya, yakni bacaan dalam bahasa Arab,
untuk kaum yang mengetahui), (dan sesungguhnya al-Qur'an ini diturunkan oleh
tuhan semesta alam, Dia dibawa turun oleh <i>Arruhul Amin</i> (jibril), kedalam
hatimu (Muhammad) agar kamu menjadi salah seorang diantara orang-orang yang
memberi peringatan, dengan bahasa Arab yang jelas). Oleh karena al-Qur'an
diturunkan dengan bahasa Arab, maka dirasa sangatlah penting guna memahami isi
kandungan al-Qur'an yang memang diturunkan menggunakan bahasa Arab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika kita
berbicara tentang agama, disitu terdapat dua pengertian penting yang terlebih
dahulu harus dijelaskan. Pertama, agama sebagai suatu doktrin dan ajaran yang
termuat dalam kitab-kitab suci, dan kedua, agama serbagai aktualisasi dari
doktrin tersebut yang terdapat dalam sejarah. Doktrin-doktrin agama bersifat
ideal. Ia menghendaki para pemeluknya untuk mengamalkan doktrin-doktrin
tersebutdalam bentuknya yang paling baik. Namun dalam kenyataannya, sering kali
pengamalan tersebut jauh dari bentuk ideal yang dikehendaki agama tersebut.
Karenanya, agama acapkali menampakkan diri sebagai sesuatu yang berwajah ganda,
dalam arti bahwa, wujud dari pengamalan ajaran suatu agama berbeda jauh dari
ajaran yang sebenarnya diinginkan oleh agama itu sendiri. Semua agama,
misalnya, menyerukan perdamaian, persatuan, dan persaudaraan. Tetapi pada
tataran pengamalan ia menampakkan diri sebagai kekuatan yang garang, beringas,
penyebar konflik, bahkan tak jarang menimbulkan peperangan. Wajah ganda
tersebut terlihat, pertama-tama dalam doktrin-doktrin agama itu sendiri; yakni
seruan menuju keselamatan yang dibarengi dengan kewajiban untuk mengajak orang
lain menuju keselamatan tersebut. Setiap agama memiliki kedua sisi tersebut,
dan dari sisi yang disebut terkemudian itulah lazimnya, konflik dan kekerasan
terjadi. Singkatnya, agama menjanjikan perdamaian dan menyerukan keselamatan,
tapi pada saat yang sama sering menebar kekerasan. Sesekali ia dapat merupakan
faktor pemersatu, dan pada kali lain ia dapat mencabik-cabik persatuan yang ia
anjurkan sendiri.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ternyata sejak
zaman dahulu umat memerlukan pemecahan. Selam berabad-abad sejarahinteraksi
antar umat beragama lebih banyak diwarnai oleh kecurigaan dan permusuhan dengan
dalih "demi mencapai ridho Tuhan dan demi menyebarkan kabar gembira yang
bersumber dari yang Maha Kuasa."</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fenomena ini kelihatannya
berlanjut sampai masa kini. Di Bosnia, umat-umat ortodoks, katolik, dan Islam
saling membunuh. Di Irlandia utara, umat katolik dan umat protestan saling
bermusuhan. Di Timur Tengah, ketiga cucu nabi Ibrahim –umat yahudi, kristen,
dan Islam- saling menggunakan bahasa kekerasan. Di Sudan, senjata adalah alat
komunikasi antara umat Islam dan umat kristen. Di Kashmir, pengikut agama hindu
dan umat Muhammad saling bersitegang. Di Srilanka, kaum budha dan kelompok
hindu bercakar-cakaran. Di Armenia-Azerbaijan, umat kristen dan umat Islam
saling berlomba untuk berkuasa dengan cara destruktif. Kesemuanya ini terjadi
di hadapan mata kita semua. Yang sangat menyayat hati adalahagama dijadikan
elemen utamadalam mesin penghancuran manusia –suatu kenyataan yang sangat
bertentangan dengan ajaran semua agama di atas permukaan bumi ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mencari
pemecahan atas segala sikap yang destruktif ini, banyak tawaran –teoritis
maupun praktis- dikemukakan oleh mereka yang peduli terhadap kerukunan antar
agama. Antara lain, dan yang paling keras gemanya adalah upaya untuk menciptakan
suasana dialog antar umat beragama. Sudah saatnya umat beragama meninggalkan
era monolog untuk berabjak kepada era dialog- meminjam istilah Leonard Swidler,
pendiri <i>Journal Ecumenical Studies,</i> dan Profesor pemikiran katolik di
Universitas Temple.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan dialog,
umat beragama mempersiapkan diri untuk melakukan diskusi dengan umat agama lain
yang berbeda pandangan tentang kenyataan hidup. Dialog tersebut dimaksudkan
untuk saling mngenal dan saling menimba pengetahuan baru tentang agama mitra
dialog. Dialog tersebut dengan sendirinya akan memperkaya wawasan kedua pihak
dalam rangka mencari poersamaan-persamaan yang dapat dijadikan landasan hidup
rukun dalam suatu masyarakat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Prof.
Dr. Abdul Aziz Sachedina, guru besar studi agama di Universitas Virginia,
Pluralisme adalah "pondasi kehidupan bagi agama-agama" (<i>ashl
al-hayat bayna al-adyan).</i> Kita bisa melacak ayat-ayat al-Qur'an yang
mendukung pluralisme ini sebagai satu rahasia dari lautan rahasia Allah. Salah
satunya, jika Tuhanmu menghendaki maka kalian akan dijadikan umat satu.
Ternyata Allah tidak berkehendak untuk menyatukan umat manusia. Nah, keragaman
agama disini yang disinyalir ayat tadi merupakan rahasia dan kehendak Allah.
Dan p;uralisme sebagai dasar kehidupan semua agama mengajak kita membuka dan
memahami rahasia Allah itu. Keragaman agama sebagai rahasia Allah meliputi juga
agama-agama lain yang biasa disebut
"agama-agama ibrahim". Pluralisme sendiri mengakui adanya tradisi
iman dan keberagamaan yang berbeda antara satu agama dengan agama lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pengakuan
terhadap pluralisme agama dalam sebuah komunitas sosial menjanjikan
dikedepankannya prinsip inklusivitas (keterbukaan) –suatu prinsip yang
mengutamakan akomodasi dan bukan konflik- diantara mereka. Sebab, pada dasarnya
masing-masing agama mempunyai berbagai klaim kebenaran yang ingin ditegakkan
lurus, sedangkan realitas masyarakat yang ada terbukti heterogen secara
kultural dan religius. Oleh karena itu, inklusivitas menjadi penting sebagai
jalan menuju tumbuhnya kepekaan terhadap berbagai kemungkinan unik yang
bisamemperkaya usaha manusia dalam mencari kesejahteraan spiritual dan moral.
Realitas pluralitas yang dapat mendorong ke arah kerjasama dan keterbukaan itu,
secara jelas telah diserukan Allah dalam Q.S al-Hujurat ayat 14. Dalam ayat
itu, tercermin bahwa pluralitas adalah sebuah kebijakan Tuhan agar manusia
saling mengenal dan membuka diri untuk bekerja sama.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Segi
sosial-historis persoalan kerukunan umat beragama adalah lebih sulit karena
menyangkut hal-hal yang mungkin sensitif. Kesulitannya adalah, banyak orang
berpendapat bahwa segi sosial-historis itu tidak perlu diperkatakan. Tapi, juga
sudah diisyaratkan , membiarkan hal itu terpendam akan menimbulkan bahayanya
sendiri, yaitu suatu bahaya yang biasa timbul oleh adanya <i>opent up feelingso</i>.
Tapi karena berbagai hambatan dan keterbatasan, saya hanya akan membatasi diri hanya
kepada tinjauan dari segi ajaran, jadi merupakan suatu pendekatan normatif.
Segi sosial-historis, jika kita ingin lebih dari pada sekedar mengangkat
(rahasia umum) dan bahkan mungkin hanya (desas-desus), menuntut penelitian yang
luas dan mendalam. Dan hal itu ada diluar kapasitas tulisan pendek ini.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mungkin karena
meluasnya tindakan kekerasan yang dilakukan oleh mereka yang menamakan dirinya
orang-orang yang memegang teguh ajaran agama, para pakar kemudian menganalisis
hubungan antaragama (ideologi) sebagai dipenuhi teror atau kekerasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak sulit
untuk membuktikan hal ini apabila kita menelusuri fenomena kekerasan dalam
perjalanan sejarah kehidupan keagamaan. Lumuran darah para syuhada korban
tangan ekstrimis dari berbagai kelompok keagamaan telah mewarnai lembaran
sejarah. Pada masa formatif Islam, tiga dari empat <i>khulafa'ur rasyidun </i>(para
pemimpin penerus nabi Muhammad SAW.) terbunuh oleh tangan-tangan kelompok
ekstrimis. Khalifah keempat, sayyidina Ali bin Abi Thalib, dibunuh oleh
kelompok khawarij ekstrimis yang membenarkan tindakan kekerasan dalam mengubah <i>status
quo</i>. Sadar akan ekstrimitas pandangan keagamaan kelompok khawarij yang
merencanakan pembunuhan terhadap dirinya, dan didorong oleh kualitas takwanya
kepada Allah, sayyidina Ali sebelum menghembuskan nafas terakhirnya, sempat
berpesan untuk berlaku adil terhadap pelaku pembunuhan tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam dunia
kristen lumuran darah akibat ekstrimitas pemahaman keagamaanpun tidak kalah
banyaknya. Eksekusi yang dilancarkan <i>mainstream</i> kristen pada kelompoknya
yang berbeda pendapat dari skte lainnya yang lazim dinamakankaum sempalan (<i>heretic</i>)
juga mewarnai sejarahnya. Gelombang Krusada (perang salib) yang pertamakali
dikumandangkan oleh Sri Paus UrbanII pada abad 11 bukan saja melancarkan
kekerasan terhadap umat Yahudi dan Islam (yang dinilai musuh), kelompok Kristen
Ortodoks Timur pun ikut terbabat. Ini semua dilancarkan atasnama Isa a. s
pecinta damai dan penganjur kasih sayang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Para pelaku
ekstrimis ini pada umumnya didorong oleh keyakinan keagamaan, bahwa apa yang
mereka lakukan adalah sejalan dengan perintah Tuhan yang tercantum dalam
teks-teks suci.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span></span></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Paham pluralisme
agama (dalam ilmu sosial) sesungguhnya merupakan kehendak Allah SWT. Dalam
Islam sendiri secara normatif mengakui hak dan keberadaan pengikut agama lain
(QS. 2:256, QS. 109:6). Secara otomatis inilah prinsip dasar doktrin Islam
mengenai pluralisme sebagai kehendak Allah SWT. Hingga sudah sewajarnya umat
islam menerima eksistensi pluralisme agama (dalam ilmu sosial) secara positif
sebagai sebuah aturan dan kehendak Allah SWT yang tidak bisa dihindari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pluralisme
adalah fakta sosial yang selalu ada dan telah menghidupi agama-agama. Walau
demikian, dalam menghadapi dan menanggapi kenyataan adanya berbagai agama yang
demikian pluralistik itu, agaknya setiap umat beragama tidaklah monolitik.
Mereka cenderung menempuh cara dan tanggapan yang berbeda-beda, yang jika
dikategorisasikan terbelah menjadi dua kelompok yang saling berhadap-hadapan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertama,</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> kelompok yang menolak secara mutlak gagasan
pluralisme agama. Mereka biasanya disebut sebagai kelompok eksklusivis. Dalam
memandang agama orang lain, kelompok ini seringkali menggunakan standar-standar
penilaian yang dibuatnya sendiri untuk memberikan vonis dan menghakimi agama
lain. Secara teologis, misalnya, mereka beranggapan bahwa hanya agamanyalah
yang paling otentik berasal dari Tuhan, sementara agama yang lain tak lebih
dari sebuah konstruksi manusia, atau mungkin juga berasal dari Tuhan tapi telah
mengalami perombakan dan pemalsuan oleh umatnya sendiri. Mereka memiliki
kecenderungan membenarkan agamanya, sambil menyalahkan yang lain. Memuji agamanya
sendiri seraya mengejek agama lain. Agama orang lain dipandang bukan sebagai
jalan keselamatan paripurna. Mereka mendasarkan pandangan-pandangannya itu pada
sejumlah ayat di dalam al-Qur'an. Misalnya, QS. Ali Imran: 85, 19, QS.
Al-Maidah: 3, QS. An-Nisa':144.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedua,</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> kelompok yang menerima pluralisme agama sebagai
kenyataan yang tak terhindarkan. Kelompok ini biasanya berpandangan bahwa agama
semua nabi adalah satu. Mereka menganut pendangan tentang adanya titik-titik
persamaan sebagai benang merah yang mempersambungkan seluruh ketentuan
doktrinal yang dibawa oleh setiap nabi. Bagi kelompok kedua ini cukup jelas
bahwa yang membedakan ajaran masing-masing adalah dimensi-dimensi yang bersifat
teknis-oprasional buakn substansial-esensial, seperti tentang mekanisme atau
tatacara ritus peridbadatan dan sebagainya. Terdapat ayat yang menjadi menu
favorit dikalangan kelompok kedua ini. Misalnya, QS. Alkafirun: 6, QS.
Al-Baqarah: 256, QS. Al-Maidah: 69, QS. Al-An'am: 108.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karenanya dalam
menyikapi dua kelompok yang berbeda pendapat di atas, kiranya diperlukan
kearifan dalam melakukan pembacaan (penafsiran) terhadap teks-teks
al-Qur'an. Sehingga klaim-klaim
kebenaran tidak hanya dimonopoli kelompok-kelompok tertentu.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di bumi
Indonesia, apa yang diharapkan dari pemuka agama tidak lain adalah mencegah
timbulnya penafsiran-penafsiran keagamaan yang dapat mengacu ke arah
radikalisme dan kekerasan. Dalam lingkungan Islam, di atas pundak pemuka agama
terletak kewajiban untuk mensosialisasikan konsep moderasi yang menghindari
sikap ekstrim atau berlebihan dalam kedua sisinya, guna menciptakan masyarakat
penengah dan adil, atau dalam bahasa al-Qur'an <i>ummatan wasathan </i>(QS 2:
143).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanggung jawab
bukan hanya di atas pundak para pemuka agama, akan tetapi juga pada para generasi
penerus agar dapat memahami dan menafsirkan al-Qur'an dengan lebih bijak dan
arif, tanpa menafikan sisi historis (asbabun nuzul) dari al-Qur'an juga sisi
historis (asbabul wurud) dari hadits yang akan digunakan sebagai pedoman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mencapai
kesemuanya itu, pendidikan bahasa Arab sangatlah berperan penting, yaitu
sebagai kunci pembuka pintu wawasan dalam memahami dan menafsirkan ayat-ayat
al-Qur'an serta hadits-hadits Nabi. Dengan pendidikan bahasa Arablah, kita
dapat memahami ilmu-ilmu yang mendukung untuk memahami dan menafsirkan
al-Qur'an serta hadits. Karena dalam pendidikan bahasa Arab terdapat
maharat-maharat yang dapat menunjang generasi penerus untuk mempelajari
ilmu-ilmu penunjang dalam menafsirkan al-Qur'an dan memahami hadits, sehingga dapat
lebih bijak dan arif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan
bahasa Arab mempunyai peranan yang sangat penting guna mencetak
generasi-generasi yang dapat memahami pluralisme yang memang tidak terelakkan
dalam kehidupan sosial-keagamaan. Karena dengan pendidikan bahasa Arablah, kita
dapat membuka cakrawala wawasan pemahaman al-Qur'an dan hadits, sehingga dalam
memahami dan mensikapi pluralisme agama tidak berlebihan, dalam artian tidak
terlalu ekstrim menolak adanya pluralisme agama (radikalisme, eksklusivisme)
dan juga tidak memahami secara bebas sebebas-bebasnya sehingga mengakibatkan <i>nihilisme,
free value</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.7pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ahmad Fathani, dkk, Berguru Kepada Bapak Bangsa, PP
Gerakan Pemuda Ansor, Jakarta, 1999</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Alwi Shihab, Islam Inklusif, Mizan, Bandung, 1999</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fauzan al-Ansori, Melawan Konspirasi JIL, Pustaka al-Furqan, Jakarta, 2003</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Faisal Isma'il dkk, Aljami'ah Jurnal of Islamic
Studies, IAIN Sunan Kalijaga, Yogyakarta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="direction: ltr; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Moh. Shofan, Jalan Ketiga Pemikiran Islam, IRciSoD,
Jogjakarta, 2006</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="direction: ltr; tab-stops: 77.9pt 396.85pt; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ahmad
Fathani</span><span lang="EN-US">, dkk, <i>Berguru
Kepada Bapak Bangsa</i>, PP Gerakan Pemuda Ansor, Jakarta, 1999, hal:181</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="direction: ltr; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Ibid,</span></i><span lang="EN-US">hal:181</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="direction: ltr; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><span lang="EN-US">Fauzan al-Ansori, <i>Melawan Konspirasi JIL, </i> Pustaka al-Furqan, Jakarta, 2003, hal: 68-69</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="direction: ltr; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Faisal Isma'il dkk, <i>Aljami'ah
Jurnal of Islamic Studies, </i>IAIN Sunan Kalijaga, Yogyakarta, hal: 423-424</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="direction: ltr; tab-stops: right 326.05pt; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> <i>Ibid,</i>hal: 308-309</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="direction: ltr; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><span lang="EN-US">Alwi Shihab, <i>Islam Inklusif,</i> Mizan, Bandung,
1999, hal: 40-41<i> </i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="direction: ltr; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> Moh. Shofan, <i>Jalan Ketiga Pemikiran Islam,</i> IRciSoD,
Jogjakarta, 2006, hal: 56-57</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Op. Cit, </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ahmad Fathani</span><span lang="EN-US">, dkk</span><span lang="EN-US">, hal: 169</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Op. Cit,</span></i><span lang="EN-US"> Alwi Shihab,
hal: 146-147</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-US"><span dir="LTR"></span> <i>Op. Cit, </i>Moh. Shofan, hal: 62-64</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><i><span lang="EN-US">Loc. Cit, </span></i><span lang="EN-US">Alwi Shihab,
hal: 149</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-EG" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></div>
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</div>محز اليسرىhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01762372864007331110noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4598517765937227982.post-76328977487842116832012-05-15T23:52:00.002-07:002012-05-15T23:52:41.182-07:00علم البيان<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">التشبيه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أسلوب يدل على مشاركة أمر لأمر آخر في
صفته الواضحة؛ ليكتسب الطرف الأول</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
( </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">المشبه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">من
الطرف الثاني</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> (</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">المشبه به</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قوته
وجماله</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أو هو : إحداث علاقة بين طرفين من خلال
جعل أحدهما - وهو الطرف الأوّل</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">المشبه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)- </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مشابهاً
للطرف الآخر، في صفة مشتركة بينهما</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثل</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: purple; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">محمد
كالأسد في الشجاعة – البنت كالقمر في الجمال</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: purple; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أركان التشبيه</span></u></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><u><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(1) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مُشََّبه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وهو الموضوع المقصود بالوصف ؛ لبيان
قوته أو جماله ، أو قبحه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مُشَبَّه به</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وهو الشيء الذي جئنا
به نموذجاً للمقارنة ؛ ليعطي للمشبه القوة أو الجمال ، أو القبح ، ويجب أن تكون
الصفة فيه أوضح</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> . </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(3) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ووجه الشبه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> : </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وهو
الوصف الذي يُستخلص في الذهن من المقارنة بين المشبه و المشبه به، أو هو الصفة
المشتركة بين الطرفين المشبه و المشبه به</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>.
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(4) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وأداة التشبيه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">هي الرابط بين
الطرفين</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: magenta; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أدوات التشبيه </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 - </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قد تكون <span style="color: #009933;">حرفاً</span> ، كـ (الكاف
- كأنَّ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2
- </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قد تكون <span style="color: #009933;">اسماً</span> ، كـ (مثل - شبه - نظير</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> ... ) . </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3
- </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قد تكون <span style="color: #009933;">فعلاً</span> ، كـ (يحاكي - يشبه – يماثل</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> ...) . </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">محمد كـ الأسد في الشجاعة</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #009933; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مشبّه أداة تشبيه مشبّه
به وجه الشبه</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أنواع التشبيه</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: purple; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مفرد</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: #009933;">مركب</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مفصل مجمل بليغ تمثيلي ضمني</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<b><span style="color: purple; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: purple; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أ) أولاً : التشبيه المفرد</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: purple; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وهو تشبيه لفظ بلفظ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أنواع التشبيه المفرد</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 – </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">تشبيه مُفَصَّل</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">عندما نذكر الأركان
الأربعة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ô</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثل</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
: </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">العلم كـالنور يهدي
كل من طلبه</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مشبّهأداة تشبيهمشبّه به وجه
الشبه </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2 – </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">تشبيه مُجْمَل</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وهو ما حُذِف منه وجه
الشبه ، أو أداة التشبيه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ô</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثل : العلم كـالنور</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> (</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">حُذِف وجه الشبه</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ô</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">العلم نور يهدي كل من طلبه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> . (</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">حُذِفت أداة التشبيه</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3 – </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">تشبيه بليغ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وهو ما حُذِف منه وجه
الشبه و الأداة ، وبقي الطرفان الأساسيان المشبه و المشبه به</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ô</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثل : الجهل موت والعلم حياة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: purple; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ô</span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الصور التي يأتي عليها
التشبيه البليغ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أ – المبتدأ والخبر</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ô</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثل : الحياة التي نعيشها كتاب مفتوح
للأذكياء</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ب- المفعول المطلق</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ô</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثل: تحلق طائراتنا في الجو تحليق
النسور - مشى الجندي مشى الأسد</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">جـ- المضاف(المشبه به)
والمضاف إليه(المشبه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ô</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثل : كتاب الحياة - ذهب الأصيل على
لُجَين الماء . الأصيل </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وقت الغروب</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> )</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">و اللجين </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الفضة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">..
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أي الأصيل كالذهب
والماء كاللجين</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">د</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>- </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الحال وصاحبهـا</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ô</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثل : هجم الجندي على العدو أسداً</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">هـ- اسم إن وخبرها</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ô</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثل : إنك شمس</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أركان التشبيه</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الركنان الأساسيان في أركان التشبيه الأربعة هما</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>: (</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">المشبه والمشبه به </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)
</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="RTL"></span>، وإذا حُذِفَ أحدهما أصبحت الصورة <span style="color: red;">استعارة</span>
؛ فالاستعارة تشبيه بليغ حذف أحد طرفيه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أما أداة التشبيه
ووجه الشبه فهما<span style="color: red;"> ركنان ثانويان</span> حذفهما يعطي
التشبيه جمالاً أكثر وقوة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: purple; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: purple; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ب) ثانياً : التشبيه المركب </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: purple; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ô</span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أنواع التشبيه المركب</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 – </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">تشبيه تمثيلي</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">هو تشبيه صورة بصورة ووجه الشبه فيه
صورة منتزعة من أشياء متعددة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ô</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثل : قول الله تعالى</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مَثَلُ الَّذِينَ يُنْفِقُونَ أَمْوَالَهُمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ
كَمَثَلِ حَبَّةٍ أَنْبَتَتْ سَبْعَ سَنَابِلَ فِي كُلِّ سُنْبُلَةٍ مِائَةُ
حَبَّةٍ </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">البقرة: من الآية261</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">شبه الله سبحانه وتعالى هيئة الذين
ينفقون أموالهم في سبيل الله ابتغاء مرضاته ويعطفون على الفقراء و المساكين بهيئة
الحبة التي أنبتت سبع سنابل في كل سنبلة مائة حبة ، والله سبحانه وتعالى يضاعف لمن
يشاء</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ô</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">و كقول علي الجارم في العروبة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">توحّد حتى صار قلباً تحوطه
قلوب من العُرْب الكرام وأضلع </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">حيث شبه هيئة الشرق المتحد في الجامعة
العربية يحيط به حب العرب وتأييدهم بهيئة القلب الذي تحيط به الضلوع</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ô</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قال تعالى في شأنِ اليهود</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مَثَلُ الَّذِينَ حُمِّلُوا التَّوْرَاةَ ثُمَّ لَمْ يَحْمِلُوهَا
كَمَثَلِ الْحِمَارِ يَحْمِلُ أَسْفَاراً ...) (الجمعة:5</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>). </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">حيث شبهت الآية حالة وهيئة اليهود الذين
حُمَّلوا بالتوراة ثم لم يقوموا بها ولم يعملوا بما فيها بحالة الحمار الذي يحمل
فوق ظهره أسفاراً </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">كتباً</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="RTL"></span>، فهي بالنسبة
إليه لا تعدو</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">لا تتجاوز</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">كونها ثقلاً يحمله</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2 – </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">تشبيه ضمني</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وهو تشبيه خفي لا يأتي على الصورة
المعهودة ولايُصَرح فيه بالمشبه و المشبه به ، بل يُفْهم ويُلْمح فيه التشبيه من
مضمون الكلام ، ولذلك سُمّي بالتشبيه الضمني ، وغالباً ما يكون المشبه قضية أو
ادعاء يحتاج للدليل أو البرهان ، ويكون المشبه به هو الدليل أو البرهان على صحة
المعنى</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> . </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">باختصار التشبيه الضمني قضية
وهي (المشبه) ، والدليل على صحتها (المشبه به</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ô</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثل : قال المتنبي في الحكمة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">من يهُن يسهُل الهوان عليه
مـا لجُـرحٍ بميّت إيـلامُ</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ما سبق نلمح فيه التشبيه ولكنه تشبيه
على غير المتعارف ، فهو يشبه الشخص الذي يقبل الذل دائماً ، وتهون عليه كرامته ،
ولا يتألم لما يمسها ، بمثل حال الميت فلو جئت بسكين ورحت تقطع أجزاء من جسده ما
تألم ولا صرخ ولا شكى ولا بكى ؛ لأنه فقد أحاسيس الحياة ، وبذلك يكون الشطر الثاني
تشبيهاً ضمنياً ؛ لأنه جاء برهاناً ودليلاً على صحة مقولته في الشطر الأول</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ô</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قال ابن الرومي</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قَدْ يَشِيب الْفَتَى
وَلَيْسَ عجيباً أَنْ يُرَى النَّورُ فِى الْقَضِيبِ الرَّطيبِ</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">النور : الزهر الأبيض- القضيب : الغصن</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">يقول الشاعر : إن الشاب الصغير قد يشيب
قبل أوان الشيب ، وهذا ليس بالأمر العجيب، وليدلل على صحة مقولته أتى لنا بالدليل
و هو أن الغصن الغض الصغير الذي مازال ينمو قد يظهر فيه الزهر الأبيض، فهو لم يأْت
بتشبيه صريح ولم يقل : إن الفتى وقد وخطه الشيب كالغصن الرطيب حين إزهاره ، ولكنه
أتى بذلك ضمناً</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ملحوظة</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">التشبيه الضمني لا تذكر فيه أداة
التشبيه أبداً ، بينما التشبيه التمثيلي غالباً تذكر فيه أداة التشبيه " مثل</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> " .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ô</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">سر جمال التشبيه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: red;">(</span></span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">التوضيح أو التشخيص أو
التجسيم</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">*** </span></u></b><b><u><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الاستعارة </span></u></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>****</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">& </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الاستعارة : تشبيه بليغ حذف
أحد طرفيه </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">نفهم من الكلام السابق أن التشبيه لابد فيه من ذكر الطرفين
الأساسين وهما </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">المشبه والمشبه به) فإذا حذف أحد
الركنين لا يعد تشبيهاً بل يصبح استعارة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">لاحظ الفرق بين : محمد أسد - رأيت أسداً
يتكلم - محمد يزأر وهو يفترس الأعداء</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">& </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أنـواع الاستعـارة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أ) استعارة تصريحية : وهى التي حُذِفَ
فيها المشبه(الركن الأول) وصرح بالمشبه به</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثل : نسي الطين ساعة أنه طين .. شبه
الشاعر الإنسان بالطين ثم حذف المشبه (الإنسان)وذكر المشبه به (الطين)على سبيل
الاستعارة التصريحية</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثل قوله تعالى الله وليُّ الذين آمنوا
يخرجهم من الظلمات إلى النور ) .. شبه الكفر بالظلمات والإيمان بالنور ثم حذف
المشبه (الكفر والإيمان) وذكر المشبه به </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الظلمات والنور)على سبيل الاستعارة
التصريحية</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&
( </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">في قلوبهم مرض ) ، (
واعتصموا بحبل الله ) .. بين الاستعارة بنفسك</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ب) - استعارة مكنية </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>:
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وهى التي حُذِفَ فيها
المشبه به(الركن الثاني) وبقيت صفة من صفاته ترمز إليه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثل : حدثني التاريخ عن أمجاد أمتي
فشعرت بالفخر والاعتزاز</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">المحذوف المشبه به ، فالأصل : التاريخ
يتحدث كالإنسان ، ولكن الإنسان لم يذكر وإنما ذكر في الكلام ما يدل عليه وهو قوله
: حدثني (فالدليل على أنها استعارة : أن التاريخ لا يتكلم</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>).</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ومثل ماسبق : طار الخبر في المدينة ..
استعارة مكنية فلقد صورنا الخبر بطائر يطير ، وحذفنا الطائر وأتينا بصفة من صفاته
(طار) ، (فالدليل على أنها استعارة : أن الخبر لا يطير</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>).
.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">يهجم علينا الدهر بجيش من أيامه ولياليه
- وتبنى المجد يا عمر بن ليلى - صحب الناس قبلنا ذا الزمانا- شاكٍ إلى البحر .. بين
الاستعارة بنفسك</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">جـ) – الاستعارة التمثيلية</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>: </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أصلها تشبيه تمثيلي حُذِفَ منه المشبه
وهو (الحالة والهيئة الحاضرة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وصرح بالمشبه به وهو
(الحالة والهيئة السابقة) مع المحافظة على كلماتها وشكلها وتكثر غالباً في الأمثال
عندما تشبه الموقف الجديد بالموقف الذي قيلت فيه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثل : لكل جواد كبوة - رجع بخفي حنين -
سبق السيف العذل - فمن يزرعِ الشوك يجنِ الجراح</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">& </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">سر جمال الاستعارة</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>: (</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">التوضيح أو التشخيص أو التجسيم</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> ) .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الكناية</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">هي تعبير لا يقصد منه المعنى الحقيقي ، و إنما يقصد به معنى ملازم
للمعنى الحقيقي</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أو هي : تعبير استعمل في غير معناه الأصلي</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الخيالي</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الذي وضع له مع جواز إرادة
المعنى الأصلي </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الحقيقي</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.. </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">لتوضيح الكلام السابق بمثال يقول</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> (</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أبي نظيف اليد</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">من الواضح أن المعنى الحقيقي هنا ليس مقصوداً وهو معنى غسل اليد و
نظافتها من الأقذار ، وإنما يقصد المعنى الخيالي الملازم لذكر هذه العبارة الذي
يتولد ويظهر في ذهننا من</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>: (</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">العفة أو الأمانة، أو النزاهة أو الترفع أو نقاء الضمير</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>..</span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وما شابه ذلك من المعاني
المجردة حسب سياق الحديث ، وهذه هي الكناية معنى ملازم للمعنى الحقيقي</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثال</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قال تعالى (وَيَوْمَ يَعَضُّ الظَّالِمُ عَلَى يَدَيْهِ)(الفرقان: من
الآية27</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">لو تأملنا الآية السابقة نجد
أن المقصود من هذه الآية ليس المعنى الحقيقي وهو </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">عضاليدين</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">، وإنما يقصد المعنى الخيالي الملازم لذكر هذه
الآية الذي يتوّلد ويظهر في ذهننا من</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>: (</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الندم الشديد</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">حيث إن من ظلم نفسه بكفره بالله ورسوله ولم يستجب لدعوة الإيمان يرى
مصيره المرعب يوم القيامة ألا وهو النار فيندم على ما كان منه في الحياة في وقت لا
ينفع يه الندم ، فيعض على يديه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أنواع الكناية</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></b><b><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> – </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #006600; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">كناية عن صفة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وهى التي يكنى بالتركيب فيها
عن </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">صفة</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> لازمة لمعناه (كالكرم –
العزة – القوة – الكثرة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> ...)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثال</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :<span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قال تعالى (وَلا تَجْعَلْ
يَدَكَ مَغْلُولَةً إِلَى عُنُقِكَ وَلا تَبْسُطْهَا كُلَّ الْبَسْطِ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">كناية عن صفة البخل كناية عن
صفة التبذير</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">فلان ألقى سلاحه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> (</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">كناية عن الاستسلام</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">فلان نقي الثوب</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> (</span></b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">كناية عن النزاهة والطهارة </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) . </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></b><b><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> – </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #006600; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">كناية عن موصوف</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وهى التي يكنى بالتركيب فيها عن ذات أو موصوف</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> (</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">العرب – اللغة – السفينة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وهى تفهم من العمل أو الصفة أو اللقب الذي انفرد به الموصوف</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثال</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :<span style="color: blue;">(</span></span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">فَاصْبِرْ لِحُكْمِ رَبِّكَ
وَلا تَكُنْ كَصَاحِبِ الْحُوتِ ) كناية عن </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">سيدنايونس</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قال الشاعر : يا ابنة اليم ما أبوك بخيل كناية عن </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">السفينة</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></b><b><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">– </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #006600; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">كناية عن نسبة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #006600; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> : </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وهى التي يصرح فيها بالصفة ولكنها تنسب إلى شئ متصل بالموصوف (كنسبته
إلى </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الفصاحة</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>– </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">البلاغة</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>– </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الخير</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">حيث نأتي فيها بصفة لا تنسب إلى الموصوف مباشرة بل
تنسب إلى شيء </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">متصل</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> به </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ويعود</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> عليه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثال</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :<span style="color: blue;"> </span></span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قال الشاعر : أبو نواس في
مدح والي مصر</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">فما جازه جود ولا حل دونه
ولكن يسير الجود حيث يسير</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">فقد نسب الجود إلى شيء متصل
بالممدوح وهو المكان الذي يوجد فيه ذلك الممدوح </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثال : الفصاحة في بيانه والبلاغة في لسانه </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">كناية عن نسبة هذا الشخص إلى
الفصاحة ؛لأنها في بيانه وإلى البلاغة ؛ لأنها في لسانه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثال</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :<span style="color: blue;"> ( </span></span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الفضل يسير حيث سار فلان )
كناية عن نسبة الفضل إليه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>. </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">سر جمال الكناية</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: purple; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الإتيان بالمعنى مصحوبا
بالدليل عليه في إيجاز وتجسيم</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: purple; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">س : كيف أفرق بين الكناية والاستعارة ؟</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">جـ : الفرق أن في </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الاستعارة</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> هناك قرينة تمنع وجود
المعنى الحقيقي، فحين أقول: رأيت أسداً يحكي بطولاته ، فـ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>( </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أسد</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">هنا استعارة، والقرينة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> (</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">يحكي</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وهذه القرينة مانعة لإرادة
المعنى الحقيقي ، فلا يوجد أسد يحكي أو يتكلم ، بينما في </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الكناية</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> لا توجد قرينة تمنع وجود
المعنى الحقيقي، فحين أقول</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> : (</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">عتريس يده طويلة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">فيجوز إرادة </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">المعنىالحقيقي</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> وهو طول اليد ، كما يجوز إرادة </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">المعنىالخيالي</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: blue; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> الذي يختفي خلف المعنى
الحقيقي و هو أنه لص</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> . </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">المجاز المرسل</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: right;">
<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">هو اللفظ المستعمل في غير ما وضع له
لعلاقة غير المشابهة ، ويجب أن تكون هناك قرينة تمنع المعنى الأصلي للفظ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أو
هو كلمة لها معنى أصلي لكنها تستعمل في معنى آخر على أن يوجد علاقة بين المعنيين <span style="color: red;">دون أن تكون علاقة مشابهة</span> ، وتعرف تلك العلاقة من المعنى
الجديد المستخدمة فيه الكلمة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span style="color: #009900; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #009900; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثال لذلك</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #009900; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
" </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قبضنا
على <span style="color: red;">عين</span> من عيون الأعداء" فلفظ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> "</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">عين</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>" </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">هنا ليس المقصود منها العين الحقيقية
وإنما المقصود منها <span style="color: red;">الجاسوس</span> ، و القرينة التي تمنع
المعنى الأصلي للفظ هنا أنه <span style="color: red;">لا يمكن القبض على العين فقط</span>
دون بقية جسد الجاسوس</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> !</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #009900; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">س : لماذا سمي المجاز
بالمجاز المرسل ؟</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">جـ : سمي المجاز بالمجاز المرسل ؛ لأنه
غير مقيد بعلاقة واحدة ، كما هو الحال في الاستعارة المقيدة بعلاقة المشابهة فقط ،
ولأن علاقاته كثيرة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">& </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وعلاقات المجاز المرسل كثيرة أهمها</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 - </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الجزئية</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">عندما نعبر <span style="color: red;">بالجزء</span>
ونريد <span style="color: red;">الكل</span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قال تعالى: (فتحرير <span style="color: red;">رقبة</span> مؤمنة) فكلمة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">رقبة</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مجاز مرسل علاقته
الجزئية ؛ لأنه عبر بالجزء</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الرقبة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وأراد
الكل</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> (</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الإنسان</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: red;">المؤمن</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قال الرسول<span style="color: red;"> صلى الله عليه وسلم</span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>:
( </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أصدق <span style="color: red;">كلمةٍ</span> قالها شاعر كلمة لبيد : ألا كُلُّ شيءٍ ما خلا
الله باطلُ ) فــ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> ( </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">كلمة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مجاز
مرسل علاقته <span style="color: red;">الجزئية</span> ؛ لأنه عبر <span style="color: red;">بالجزء</span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">كلمة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وأراد <span style="color: red;">الكل</span>
</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الكلام</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)
.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2 – </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الكلية</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">عندما نعبر <span style="color: red;">بالكل</span>
ونريد <span style="color: red;">الجزء</span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قال تعالى: (يجعلون <span style="color: red;">أصابعهم</span> في آذانهم) فــ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
( </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أصابعهم</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مجاز
مرسل علاقته <span style="color: red;">الكلية</span> ؛ لأنه عبر بالكل</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> (</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أصابعهم</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وأراد <span style="color: red;">الجزء</span>
</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أناملهم أي أطراف أصابعهم</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)
.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">شربتُ <span style="color: red;">ماء</span> زمزم . فــ ( ماء زمزم) مجاز مرسل علاقته <span style="color: red;">الكلية</span> ؛ لأنه عبر <span style="color: red;">بالكل</span>
</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ماء زمزم)وأراد <span style="color: red;">الجزء</span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">زجاجة
ماء مثلاً</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3 – </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">المحلّية</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> : </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">عندما نعبر بلفظ <span style="color: red;">المحل</span> ونريد <span style="color: red;">الموجود</span> فيه</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قال الشاعر</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> : </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">بلادي</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
وإن جارت عليّ عزيزة وقومي وإن ضنوا عليّ كراما</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">فــ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
( </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">بلادي</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مجاز
مرسل علاقته <span style="color: red;">المحلّية</span> ؛ لأنه ذكر <span style="color: red;">البلاد</span> وأراد <span style="color: red;">أهلها</span>
فالعلاقة المحلية</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قال تعالى: (واسأل <span style="color: red;">القرية</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">فــ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> ( </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">القرية</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مجاز مرسل علاقته <span style="color: red;">المحلّية</span> ؛ لأنه ذكر <span style="color: red;">القرية</span>
وأراد <span style="color: red;">أهلها</span> الذين محلهم ومكانهم القرية ،
فالعلاقة المحلية</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4 – </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الحاليّة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">عندما نعبر بلفظ <span style="color: red;">الحال</span> ونريد <span style="color: red;">المكان</span> نفسه</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">مثل
: (إِنَّ الْأبْرَارَ لَفِي <span style="color: red;">نَعِيمٍ</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">فقد
استعمل</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> (</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">نعيم</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وهو
دال على حالهم، وأراد محل ومكان النعيم وهو <span style="color: red;">الجنة</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">نزلتُ <span style="color: red;">بالقوم</span> فأكرموني .المجاز المرسل في كلمة <span style="color: red;">القوم</span> ؛ لأن القوم لا يُنزل بهم ، وإنما يُنزل في <span style="color: red;">المكان</span> الذي يسكنه القوم ، فذكر <span style="color: red;">الحال</span> وهو</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> (</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قوم</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وأراد المحل وهو
المكان</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5 – </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">السببية</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وهي <span style="color: red;">تسمية</span>
الشيء <span style="color: red;">باسم</span> <span style="color: red;">سببه</span> ،
أو عندما نعبر بالسبب عن المسبَّب</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">رعت الماشية <span style="color: red;">الغيث</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">المجاز
في كلمة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> : </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الغيث</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ، فهي في غير معناها الأصلي ؛ لأن <span style="color: red;">الغيث</span> لا يرعى ، وإنما الذي يرعى <span style="color: red;">النبات</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>.
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">حيث أن <span style="color: red;">الغيث</span> <span style="color: red;">سبب</span> للنبات
فعُبِّر </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">بالسبب عن المسبَّب</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6 – </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">المسبَّبِيّة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وهي تسمية الشيء باسم
ما <span style="color: red;">تسبب</span> <span style="color: red;">عنه</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قال
تعالى : ( هُوَ الَّذِي يُرِيكُمْ آيَاتِهِ وَيُنَزِّلُ لَكُم مِّنَ السَّمَاء <span style="color: red;">رِزْقًا</span> </span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>..)
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">المجاز في كلمة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> : </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">رزقًا</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
، فهي في غير معناها الأصلي ؛ لأن الذي ينزل من السماء <span style="color: red;">المطر</span>
وليس <span style="color: red;">الرزق</span>، وعبر بالرزق عن <span style="color: red;">المطر</span>؛ لأن الأول</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الرزق</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">متسبب
عن الثاني</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">المطر</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7 - </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">اعتبار ما كان</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">بأن يستعمل اللفظ
الذي وضع للماضي في الحال</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قال
تعالى : ( وآتوا <span style="color: red;">اليتامى</span> أموالهم ..) المجاز في
كلمة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> : </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">اليتامى</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ، فهي في غير معناها الأصلي ؛ لأن
اليتيم وهو : من فقد والده قبل الرشد لا يأخذ ماله ، وإنما يأخذ المال عندما
يتجاوز سن اليُتْم ويبلغ سن الرشد ، فاستعملت كلمة يتامى وأريد بها الذين <span style="color: red;">كانوا</span> <span style="color: red;">يتامى</span> ، بالنظر
إلى حالتهم السابقة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> .</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8 - </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">اعتبار ما سيكون</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">بأن يستعمل اللفظ
الذي وضع <span style="color: red;">للمستقبل</span> في <span style="color: red;">الحال</span>
</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قال تعالى : ( إنَّكَ
ميتٌ وإنهم ميتون ) المجاز في كلمة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
: </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ميتٌ</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ، فهي في غير معناها الأصلي ؛ لأن
المخاطب بهذا هو النبي</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> - </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">صلى الله عليه وسلم</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> -</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وقد خوطب بلفظ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
(</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: red; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ميت</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وهو
لا يزال <span style="color: red;">حيًا</span> بالنظر إلى ما سيصير إليه أي <span style="color: red;">باعتبار</span> <span style="color: red;">ما</span> <span style="color: red;">سيكون</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">قال تعالى: (إنّي
أراني أعصر <span style="color: red;">خمراً</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>)
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">أي <span style="color: red;">عصيراً</span> سيتحول إلى <span style="color: red;">الخمر</span>،
إذ هو حال العصر لا يكون خمراً</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span>
.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">&</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: navy; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">سر جمال
المجاز</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: navy; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">الإيجاز و الدقة في اختيار
العلاقة مع المبالغة المقبولة</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: maroon; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span> . </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>محز اليسرىhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01762372864007331110noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4598517765937227982.post-3888459653432577562012-05-03T23:08:00.001-07:002012-05-03T23:52:24.003-07:00الموازنة، المواربة، التسميط<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>الموازنة، المواربة، التسميط</b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">ا</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">لمقدمة</span></b></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">الحمدُ لله رب العالمين ، والصلاةُ والسلام على خاتم الأنبياء
والمرسلين ، وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين ، ومن تبعهم بإحسانٍ إلى يوم الدين .</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">أما بعد :فإنَّ البلاغةَ- كما هو معلوم - مطابقةُ الكلام
لمقتضى الحقيقة ، وهي لبُّ العربية ، وقد
وُضعتْ لخدمة القرآن الكريم وكلام
النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم خاصةً، ولخدمة علوم العربية عامةً . </span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">في هذه المقالة سنبحث علم البديع من انواع المحسنات اللفظي،
منها: </span><span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">موازنةُ</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">، </span><span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">مواربةُ،
تسميطُ .</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span dir="RTL"></span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">البحث</span></b><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>"</span><span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">الموازنة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"><span dir="LTR"></span>"</span><span lang="AR-KW" style="color: maroon; font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">(أ)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> تعريفُ</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">هي
تساوي الفاصلتينِ في الوزنِ دونَ التقفية، نحو قوله تعالى:{ وَنَمَارِقُ
مَصْفُوفَةٌ (15) وَزَرَابِيُّ مَبْثُوثَةٌ (16) }[الغاشية/15، 16] فإنَّ مصفوفة ًومبثوتةً مُتَّفقتانِ في الوزنِ،
دون التّقفيةِ.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">وكقول امرئ القيس:</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">أفادَ،
وسادَ، وقادَ، وزادَ ... وشادَ، وجادَ، وزادَ، وأفضلَ</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">وكقول الآخر :</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">وهوبٌ،
مهيبٌ، رحيبُ الفناءِ ... ربيعٌ، مريءٌ، رفيعُ الذُّرا</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">والفرقُ بين الموازنةِ والمماثلةِ
التزام ُالتسجيعِ في الموازنةِ، وخلوِّ المماثلةِ عنه، والفرقُ بينها أعني
الموازنة َوبين التجزئةِ مخالفةُ تسجيعِ أجزاءِ التجزئةِ، ومشابهةُ تسجيعِ أجزاءِ
الموازنةِ.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982" name="_Toc178930424"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982" name="_Toc169267523"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982" name="_Toc169266986"><span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">" المواربةُ</span></a><span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> "</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">(ب)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">تعريفُها:<span style="color: blue;"></span></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">هي أن يجعلَ المتكلِّمُ كلامَه بحيثُ
يمكنهُ أن ْيُغيِّرَ معناهُ بتحريفٍ، أو تصحيفٍ.أو غيرهِما، لِيَسْلمَ من
المؤاخذةِ ، كقول أبي نواس: </span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">لَقَدْ
ضَاعَ شِعْرِي عَلَى بَابِكُمْ ... كَمَا ضَاعَ دُرٌّ عَلَى خَالِصَهْ </span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> فلما أُنكرَ عليه ذلك، قال أبو نواسُ: لم أقلْ
إلا:</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">لقد
ضَاءَ شِعْري على بابكم كما ضاء
عقدٌ على خالصَه</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">فأما
شاهد ما وقع من المواربة بالتحريف، فقول عتبان الحروري:</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">فإنْ
يكُ منكم كان مروانُ وابنُه ... وعمرو ومنكم هاشمٌ وحبيبُ</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">فمنا
حصينٌ والبطينُ وقعنبٌ ... ومنا أميرُ المؤمنين شبيبُ</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">فإنه لما بلغ الشِّعر هشاماً، وظفر
بهِ قال له: أنتَ القائلُ: ومنا أميرُ المؤمنينَ شبيبُ</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">فقال:
لم أقل كذا وإنما قلتُ: ومنا أميرَ المؤمنينَ شبيبُ</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">فتخلص
بفتح الراء بعد ضمها، وهذا ألطف مواربة وقعت، ودونها قول نصيب :</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">أَهِيمُ
بدَعْدٍ ما حَيِيتُ فإِنْ أَمُتْ ... أُوَصِّ بدَعْدٍ مَنْ يَهيمُ بها بَعْدِى</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal;">وقيل له: اهتممتَ بمنْ يفعل بها
بعدَك، فقال: لم أقل كذا، وإنما قلتُ: فوا كمَدي ممنْ يهيمُ بها بعدي</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982" name="_Toc178930426"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982" name="_Toc169267525"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982" name="_Toc169266988"><span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">" التسميطُ</span></a><span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"> "</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">(ت)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">تعريفُه</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">هو أنْ يجعلَ الشاعرُ بَيتََه على
أربعة ِأقسامٍ: ثلاثةٌ منها على سَجعٍ واحدٍ، بخلافِ قافيةِ البيتِ كقول جنوب
الهُذَلّية : </span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">وحَربٌ وَرَدْتَ وثغرٌ سَدَدْتَ وعِلْجٌ شَدَدتْ عليه الحِبَالا</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">وقول
الشاعر : </span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">في ثَغره لَعَسٌ في خَدّه قَبَسٌ في قَدّه مَيَسٌ في جسمِه تَرفُ</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">و
كقول مروان بن أبي حفصة :</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">هُم القَوْمُ إنْ قَالوا أصَابُوا
وإنْ دُعُوا أجَابُوا وإنْ
أعْطَوْا أطابُوا وأجْزَلُوا</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">فأتتْ بعضُ أجزاءِ هذا البيت مسجَعةً
على خلاف قافيتهِ، لتكون القافيةُ بمنزلةِ السمطِ، والأجزاءُ المسجَّعةُ بمنزلةِ
حبِّ العقدِ، لكونِ التسميطِ يجمعُ حبَّ العِقدِ ويربطُه، والفرقُ بينَ التسميطِ
والتفويفِ، تسجيعُ بعضِ أجزاءِ بيت التسميطِ، وخلوِّ كلِّ أجزاءِ بيتِ التفويفِ من
السَّجعِ بتةً، والمرادُ بأجزاءِ التسميطِ بعضُ أجزاءِ التقطيعِ، ويسمَّى تسميطَ
التبعيضِ.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">ومنَ التسميطِ نوعٌ آخرُ يسمَّى
تسميطَ التقطيعِ، وهو أنْ يسجِّعَ جميعَ أجزاءِ التفعيلِ على رويٍّ يخالفُ رويَّ
القافيةِ، كقولي :</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">وأسمرُ مثمرٌ بمزهرٍ نضرٌ ... منْ
مقمرٍ مسفرٌ عنْ منظرٍ حسَنِ</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">فجاءتْ جميعُ أجزاءِ التفعيلِ في هذا البيتِ من سُباعيها وخُماسيها مسجعةً
على خلاف سجعة ِالجزءِ الذي هو قافيةُ البيتِ، والله أعلم.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">الإختتام</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">الموازنة هي تساوي الفاصلتينِ في
الوزنِ دونَ التقفية،</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">المواربةُ هي أن يجعلَ المتكلِّمُ
كلامَه بحيثُ يمكنهُ أن ْيُغيِّرَ معناهُ بتحريفٍ، أو تصحيفٍ.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">التسميطُ هو أنْ يجعلَ الشاعرُ
بَيتََه على أربعة ِأقسامٍ: ثلاثةٌ منها على سَجعٍ واحدٍ، بخلافِ قافيةِ البيتِ.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="AR-KW" style="color: black; font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;">المراجع</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 20pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">الإيضاح في علوم البلاغة</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 20pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">وجواهر البلاغة للهاشمي</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 20pt;"> </span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arabic Transparent"; font-size: 20pt;">وعلم البلاغة الشيرازي</span></div>محز اليسرىhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01762372864007331110noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4598517765937227982.post-38694892389320452542012-04-30T23:54:00.000-07:002012-04-30T23:58:21.966-07:00التقابل اللغوي وتحليل الأخطاء<br />
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">التقابل اللغوي وتحليل
الأخطاء</span></div>
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<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">التحليل التقابلي :</span></b></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: normal;">ظهر دور التحليل التقابلي بصـورة
علمية في الأربعينات من القرن الميلادي الماضي, وكان من رواد هذا الأسلوب في
اختيار المادة اللغوية لإعداد الكتب التعليمية الأستاذ فريز ولادو في عام
1945: "أفضل المواد هي تلك المبنية
على وصف علمي للغة المدروسة مقارنة بوصف مماثل للغة الدارسة الأصلية ". وفي
عام 1957م ظهر أول كتاب بالإنجليزية وضعه اللغوي المعروف الدكتور روبرت لادو ليرشد
الباحثين إلى إجراء الدراسات التقابلية , وقد ذكر أن من أهم فوائد التحليل
التقابلي الانتفاع به في مجال إعداد المواد التعليمية فيقول في ذلك :" وأهم
شيء في إعداد المواد التعليمية هو مقارنة اللغة والثقافة الأصليتين ( للدارس )
باللغة والثقافة الأجنبيتين , وذلك من أجل التعرف على العقبات التي لابد من
تذليلها في أثناء التدريس " . وقد أدت الدعوة إلى ضرورة التحليل التقابلي
لإعداد المواد التعليمية وتدريس اللغات الأجنبية إلى عدد لا يستهان به من الدراسات
التقابلية بين اللغات المختلفة, ولكننا نجد أن فوائد التحليل التقابلي تظهر بوضوح
في مجال الأصوات حيث يظهر الأثر القوي للعادة , بينما يقل في عناصر اللغة الأخرى
حيث يلعب الإدراك والتفكير دوراً أكبر في تعليمها.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt; font-weight: normal;">يقوم علم اللغة التقابلي بالمقارنة
بين لغتين أو أكثر من عائلة لغوية واحدة أو عائلات لغوية مختلفة بـهدف تيسير
المشكلات العملية التي تنشأ عند التقاء هذه اللغات كالترجمة وتعليم اللغات
الأجنبية . ويفضل علم اللغة التطبيقي مصطلح التحليل التقابلي ، بدلا من علم اللغة
التقابلي؛ إذ المقصود هنا تحليل لغوي يجري على اللغة التي هي موضع التعليم واللغة
الأولى للمتعلم.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">وتنبع فكرة التحليل
التقابلي من مقولة : أن أيّ متعلم للغة أجنبية لا يبدأ – في الحقيقة- من فراغ,
وإنما يبدأ تعلم هذه اللغة الأجنبية وهو يعرف شيئاً ما من هذه اللغة؛ هذا الشيء هو
ما يشبه شيئاً ما في لغته؛ لذلك يجد هذا المتعلم بعض الظواهر سهلا وبعضها الآخر
صعبا؛ فمن أين تأتي السهولة والصعوبة وهو في المرحلة الأولى من تعلم اللغة؟ </span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">صحيح أن المتعلم
الناجح يفترض ابتداء أن اللغة الأجنبية التي يتعلمها تختلف عن لغته, وأن عليه أن
يبذل جهده لتعلم ذلك, لكنه – وهو يتعلم - يكتشف أن ثمة ظواهر تشبه أشياء في لغته.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">وقد ظهر التحليل
التقابلي حتى لا يترك لكل متعلم هذه المهمة؛ لأنه قد لا ينجح في اكتشافه، كما أنّه
قد يتوهم تشابـها غير حقيقي, كما هو الحال فيما يعرف "بالنظائر
المخادعة". والتحليل التقابلي إذن يختص بالبحث في أوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين
اللغة الأولى للمتعلم واللغة الأجنبية التي يتعلمها. والتشابه بين لغتين لا يعني
سهولة التعلم, كما أن الاختلاف لا يعني صعوبة التعلم؛ ذلك أنّ الاختلاف والتشابه
مسألة لغوية, أما السهولة والصعوبة فمسألة نفسية لغوية.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">من الحقائق المقررة
أنّ أوجها مشتركة تجمع اللغات جميعها, وهي التي يسعى العلماء الآن إلى بحثها فيما
يعرف "بالكليات اللغوية". على أنه من الحقائق المقررة أيضا أن اللغات
تختلف فيما بينها من حيث البنية على المستويات اللغوية جميعا؛ إذ الاختلاف موجود
في الأصوات، وفي الكلمة، وفي الجملة، وفي المعجم.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">والتحليل التقابلي لا يقارن لغة بلغة, وإنما
يقارن مستوى بمستوى, أو نظاما بنظام. أو فصيلة بفصيلة, ويجري التقابل على كل ما
ذكرنا آنفا؛ فالتقابل الصوتي مهم جدا في تعليم اللغة, وكذلك التقابل الصرفي ,
والنحوي, والمعجمي.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">ويهدف التحليل
التقابلي إلى ثلاثة أهداف:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;">1-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">فحص أوجه الاختلاف والتشابه بين اللغات.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;">2-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">التنبؤ بالمشكلات التي تنشأ عند تعليم لغة أجنبية
ومحاولة تفسير هذه المشكلات.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;">3-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">الإسهام في تطوير مواد دراسية لتعليم اللغة الأجنبية.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">أما الهدف الأول
فهو ما عرضنا له آنفا, وأما الهدف الثاني فينهض على افتراض علمي بأن مشكلات تعلم
لغة أجنبية تتوافق مع حجم الاختلاف بين اللغة الأولى للمتعلم واللغة الأجنبية؛ إذ
كلما كان الاختلاف كبيرا كانت المشكلات كثيرة. وحين نضع أيدينا على طبيعة هذا
الاختلاف يمكننا أن نتنبأ بالمشكلات التي ستنجم عند التطبيق العملي في عملية
التعليم, ويمكننا أيضا أن نفسر طبيعة هذه المشكلات. فالتقابل بين العربية
والإنجليزية مثلا يشير إلى وجود اختلافات بنائية كثيرة على المستويات اللغوية
جميعها؛ فأصوات العين والحاء والخاء والغين مثلا ليس لها مقابل في الإنجليزية,
وبعض الصيغ الفعلية في العربية مثل صيغة (فاعَلَ) ليس لها نظير فيها كذلك, والنعت
يسبق المنعوت في الإنجليزية ويتأخر عنه في العربية, واسم الموصول يمكن أن يأتي بعد
اسم نكرة في الإنجليزية, ولا يجوز ذلك العربية, وكلمة العم والخال لها مقابل
إنجليزي واحد, وبعض ألفاظ القرابة ليس لها مقابل على الإطلاق. من هنا نتوقع أن
يواجه متعلم لغته الأولى الإنجليزية مشكلات عند تعلمه العربية في بعض الظواهر؛ إذ
من المتوقع جدا أن نجد جملة من مثل: رأيت طالبا الذي نجح.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">وأما الهدف الثالث
فهو ثمرة طبيعية للهدفين السابقين ؛ فإذا توصلنا إلى وصف تقابلي لأنظمة اللغتين ,
وحددنا ما نتوقعه من مشكلات في ضوء هذا الوصف , أمكننا أن نطوّر مواد دراسية تواجه
هذه المشكلات ابتداءً . وقد كان فريز يؤكد منذ أول الأمر أن أفضل المواد فاعلية في
تعليم اللغة الأجنبية هي تلك المواد التي تستند إلى وصف علمي لهذه اللغة , وعلى
وصف علمي مواز للغة الأم .</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">ورغم ما يبديه بعض
الباحثين من تحفظ على هذا المبدأ فإنّ التحليل التقابلي أثبت نفعاً حقيقياً في
تطوير المواد الدراسية في تعليم اللغة الأجنبية , وقد نزعم هنا أن التحليل
التقابلي نافع أيضاً في تعليم اللغة لأبنائها ؛ إذ ثبت لنا بالتجربة العملية أن
كثيراً من الظواهر اللغوية في العربية تكون أكثر وضوحاً حين تعرض على الدرس
التقابلي , ومن هنا يصبح إدراكنا لطبيعة الظاهرة إدراكا أكثر علمية من فهمنا لبعض
الجوانب المشتركة في قدرة التعليم حين تتلقى هذه الظاهرة , ويثمر ذلك _ بلا شك _
رؤية أفضل نحو تطوير المواد الدراسية لتعليم اللغة الأولى . <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">تحليل الأخطاء :</span></b></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">منذ النصف الثاني
من الستينات بدأت تظهر الدراسات المعارضة أو المتحفظة حول قيمة التحليل التقابلي
في مجال تدريس اللغات وإعداد المواد التعليمية لها , فنجد بعضاً ممن لا يرون كبير
فائدة ترجى من التحليل التقابلي ومنهم من يرى أن التحليل التقابلي مفيد ولكن لا بد
لنا من استكمال نتائجه والتحقق منها عن طريق تحليل الأخطاء . </span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">هذا ويرى عادة دعاة
تحليل الأخطاء أن كثيراً من الصعوبات التي يتنبأ بها التحليل التقابلي لا تثبت
صعوبتها أثناء التعليم الفعلي للغة من جهة , بينما نجد من جهة أخرى أن هناك عدداً
من الأخطاء التي لا تنتج عن تأثير اللغة الأولى للدارسين ( من ثم لا يمكن للتحليل
التقابلي أن يتنبأ بوقوعها ). ويصدق هذا الأخير على الأخطاء التي تنتج من طبيعة
اللغة المدروسة ( الهدف ) نفسها كما نجد مثلاً في حالات الشذوذ عن القواعد العامة
( مثل جمع الأسماء الشاذة في الإنجليزية ) , وكما نجد في حالات غياب القواعد أو
كثرتها ( مثل جمع التكسير في اللغة العربية ) , واستعمال حروف الجر في الإنجليزية.
فهذه الحالات تمثل مشكلة للدارسين بغض النظر عن خلفياتهم اللغوية وهذا مما حدا
بعدد من اللغويين التطبيقيين إلى الإشارة إلى ضرورة التمييز بين عامل الاختلاف من
جهة وعامل الصعوبة من جهة أخرى. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">وتحليل الأخطاء
مصطلح آخر يستخدمه علم اللغة التطبيقي في تعليم اللغة , وهو الخطوة التالية
للتحليل التقابلي , ولعله ثمرة من ثمراته , لكنه يختلف عنه وعن المقارنة الداخلية
في أنهما يدرسان اللغة, أما هو فيدرس لغة المتعلم نفسه , لا نقصد لغته الأولى
وإنما نقصد لغته التي ينتجها وهو يتعلم والذي لاشك فيه أننا جميعاً نخطئ , ونخطئ
عند تعلمنا للغة وعند استعمالنا لها , ومن ثمّ فإنّ درس الخطأ أمر مشروع في حد
ذاته . يجري تحليل الخطأ عادة على مراحل:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;">1-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">تحديد الأخطاء ووصفها.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;">2-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;"> تفسيرها.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;">3-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">تصويبها وعلاجها.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-weight: normal;">أولا : تحديد الأخطاء ووصفها:</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">إنّ درس الأخطاء من
حيث التحديد والوصف يتبع قواعد منهجية يحسن أن نعرضها على النحو الأتي:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;">1-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">إنّ الأخطاء يقع فيها أفراد, ونحن لا ندرس –مع ذلك-
أخطاء الفرد؛ لأننا حين نضع مقررات تعليمية إنما نضعها لجماعات, والمفروض أن تكون
هذه الجماعات متجانسة في معايير العمر , والمستوى , والمعرفة اللغوية , واللغة
الأولى أحيانا, ومن َثمّ فإنّنا ندرس الأخطاء التي تصدر عن جماعات متجانسة أيضا؛
أي الأخطاء التي لها صفة الشيوع في هذه الجماعات.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;">2-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">إنّ السمة الأولى للغة أنّها نظام, ونحن حين ندرس لغة
المتعلمين إنّما ندرس نظاما أيضا؛ أي أنّ الوصف اللغوي للأخطاء لابد أن يكون
منصبّا على طبيعتها النظامية ؛ فالأخطاء التي تتصف بذلك هي التي تكون مجالا للدرس.
وقد أثبتت التجربة أنّ المتعلم قد ينتج جملا مقبولة وملائمة بالصدفة, والصدفة لا
تمثل نظاما, ومعنى ذلك أنّ الخطأ والصواب ليس في الشيء ذاته , وإنما دليل على وجود
نظام صحيح أو نظام خاطئ .</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;">3-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">يكاد يكون هناك اتفاق على أن الأخطاء نوعان؛ أخطاء
قدرة , وأخطاء أداء, ووصف أخطاء القدرة مهمّ جداً خاصة في تعليم اللغة الأولى ,
ولكنّ معظم الجهد يتوجه إلى أخطاء الأداء, والأداء – كما ذكرنا- ضربان؛ أداء
إنتاجي , وآخر استقبالي . والحق أن الأداء الاستقبالي له أخطاؤه , لكنها أخطاء
يصعب تحديدها والإمساك بها للأسف الشديد؛ لأنّ المتعلم للغة الأجنبية قد يتلقى
كلاما ما فتكون استجابته إيماء أو حركة معينة, وقد يأوي إلى الصمت , وليس من السهل
أن نعرف أكان استقباله صحيحا أم خاطئا إلا إذا أنتج كلاما؛ وحين نتمكّن من معرفة طبيعة
أخطاء الأداء الاستقبالي فإن ذلك سيفيد إفادة حقة في الكشف عن طبيعة قدرة التلقي
اللغوي عند الإنسان . لذلك كله يتركز تحليل الأخطاء على الأداء الإنتاجي أو الأداء
التعبيري كما يسميه بعضهم.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">وحيث إنّ اللغة اتصال فإنّ أخطاء الأداء الإنتاجي يجب أن تستخلص من مواد في
إطار اتصالي , ويجب أن نتنبّه إلى أنّ السلوك اللغوي داخل قاعة الدرس ليس كلّه
سلوكا اتصاليا؛ ومن ثمّ لا يصلح أن يكون مادة لدرس الأخطاء, وذلك كالتدريبات التي
تتصف في كثير من الأحيان بالآلية , وإذن لابد من مادة لغوية ينتجها المتعلم
تلقائيا كالتعبير الحر, وكتابة المقال, والقصص, والحوار الشفوي الحر, وإن كان ذلك
لا يعني استبعاد تصميم نماذج لاستخلاص الأخطاء.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;">4-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">يجري وصف الأخطاء على كل مستويات الأداء ؛ في الكتابة , والأصوات , والصرف
, والنحو , والدلالة. وبدهيّ أنّ وصف الخطأ يتمّ في إطار نظام اللغة , بمعنى أنّ
خطأ ما إنّما يدل على خلل ما في قاعدة من قواعد النظام, فالأخطاء الكتابية مثلا
ليست مجرد خطأ في حرف من حروف الهجاء , لكنها قد تكون دليلا قويا على فقدان قاعدة
في نظام اللغة .</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">حين يخطئ متعلم فيكتب
كلمت "كتابة" مصدر كتب بهاء "كتابه"، إنما يخطئ في قاعدة من
قواعد النظام اللغوي لأنه لا يفرق بين التاء المربوطة الدالة على التأنيث , والهاء
التي هي ضمير. والمتعلم الأجنبي الذي يقول : اشتريت ثلاثة كتاب , بدل أن يقول :
ثلاثة كتب , إنما يخطئ في قاعدة من قواعد النظام اللغوي التي تفرق بين ما يستخدم
معدوداً وما يستخدم غير معدود .</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;">5-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">لقد جرت دراسات كثيرة في تحليل الأخطاء , وانتهت إلى
أنّ الأخطاء تكاد تنحصر في أنواع ؛ حذف عنصر , أو زيادة عنصر , أو اختيار عنصر غير
صحيح , أو ترتيب العناصر ترتيباًُ غير صحيح . لذلك فإنّ وصف الأخطاء تتّجه في
الأغلب إلى هذا التصنيف.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">ثانياً : تفسير الأخطاء : </span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">وتفسير الأخطاء يأتي _ منطقياً _ بعد تحديدها ووصفها , والوصول إلى تفسير
صحيح يعين بلا شك على الإفادة من هذا التحليل . وليست هناك كلمة جامعة على معايير
التفسير ؛ إذ كلّها موضع نقاش وجدل ؛ لأنّ البرهنة على صوابـها ليست أمراً سهلاً .</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">ولعلنا نبدأ أولاً بما هو قريب المنال , وهو المعيار الذي يفسّر الخطأ في
ضوء التعليم ؛ فالمتعلم يتلقى ما يتعلمه من اللغة من عينات معينة مختارة من هذه
اللغة وقد تنجم هذه الأخطاء بسبب طبيعة هذه العينات , وتصنيفها , وطريقة تقديمها .
( ولعل هذا من الأسباب الملحوظة في أخطاء
تعليم العربية لأبنائها ) . ثم إن تعليم اللغة لا يحدث دفعة واحدة , وإنما يجري
على فترات زمنية , وهذا أمر لا مناص منه , فتنشأ الأخطاء نتيجة المعرفة الجزئية
باللغة , واللغة كما نعرف نظام داخلي مستقل مكتف بذاته , أي أنّ أجزاءه كلّها
مرتبطة ارتباطاً داخلياً , أو أنـها نظام من الأنظمة , ومعنى ذلك أنّ أي شئ لا
يمكن أن نتعلّمه كاملاً . هذا هو المعيار الذي قد لا نختلف عليه , والذي يمكن
معالجة أسبابه بوسائل مختلفة .</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">أما المعيار الثاني فهو القدرة المعرفية عند المتعلم ؛ إذ إنّ كلاً منّا
يتبع استراتيجية معينة في التعلم؛ في هذه الاستراتيجية ما هو كلي مشترك بين البشر
, ومنها ما هو خاص بكل متعلم . أما الكلي فقد دارت عليه دراسات نافعة لكنها لا
تزال جزئية , وأما الخاص فليس من السهل الوصول إليه , هذا إلى أنّ ما يجري في
أعماق المتعلم من عمليات لا يزال العلم يطمح إلى الكشف عنه يوماً ما .</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">وأما المعيار الثالث فهو موضع نقاش واسع , وهو الذي يتمسك به الباحثون _ في
الوقت نفسه _ لأنه يجعل دائرة التحليل أكثر تناسقاً فضلاً عن أنة يمدّنا ببعض
النتائج الملموسة . هذا المعيار هو الذي يعرف بالتدخل , وتدور فكرته على المبدأ
الآتي : إنّنا نتعلم مهارة جديدة على أساس مهارة موجودة تعلمناها قبلاً . </span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">ومعنى ذلك أنه لابد أن يحدث تدخل ما بين المهارتين عند التعلم , وهذا
التدخل يكون نتيجة النقل , والنقل قد يكون أمامياً بأن تؤثر المهارة الموجودة على
المهارة الجديدة , وقد يكون العكس , وهو ما يسمى ارتجاعيا وكل منهما قد يكون
إيجابياً أو سلبياً . أما الإيجابي فهو تيسير تعلم مهارة جديدة بسبب التشابـهات
بين المهارتين , وأما السلبي فهو إعاقة تعلم مهارة جديدة بسبب الاختلاف بين
المهارتين .</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">وإذا طبقنا هذا المبدأ العام عن المهارات على تعلم اللغة قلنا إنّ كلّ
متعلم يميل ميلاً طبيعياً إلى أن ينقل بنية لغته الأولى إلى اللغة الأجنبية التي
يتعلمها , ومن هنا تنشأ المقولة النظرية الآتية:</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">" إننا نستطيع أن نتنبأ بمشكلات تعلم اللغة الأجنبية على أساس أوجه
الاختلاف بينها وبين اللغة الأم . ونستطيع أن نفسّر هذه المشكلات على أساس أوجه
الاختلاف بينها وبين اللغة الأم . ونستطيع أن نفسر هذه المشكلات على أساس أوجه
الاختلاف هذه ". ومن الواضح أن هذه المقولة تستند إلى الافتراض الآتي :</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">" إن فرصة حدوث مشكلات في تعلم اللغة الأجنبية تزيد نسبياً مع
الاختلاف اللغوي بينها وبين اللغة الأم , وتقل هذه الفرصة بقلة هذا الاختلاف أو
غيابه ". وحدوث المشكلات هو ما يعرف بالتدخل , وعدم حدوثها يعرف بالتيسير . </span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">على أنّ مبدأ التدخل نتيجة الاختلاف والتشابه بين اللغتين يتعرض لكثير من
النقد ؛ ذلك أنّ التحليل التقابلي _ وهو الذي يتكفل بالوصول إلى الاختلاف والتشابه
_ يتنبأ بمشكلات لا تحدث على الإطلاق , ثم إنّ هناك مشكلات تحدث فعلاًُ ولا يتنبأ
بـها أصلاً.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">ثم إنّ الاختلافات بين اللغتين لا تؤدي آلياً إلى مشكلات في تعلم اللغة
الأجنبية , بل إنـها قد تقلل هذه المشكلات , وقد لوحظ أنّ التدخل بين اللغات
المتقاربة أقوى منه بين اللغات غير المتقاربة, وهناك أمثلة كثيرة لهذا التدخل على
مستويات الصوت والكلمة والجملة والمعجم، تم رصدها بين اللغات الأوروبية المتقاربة
كالإنجليزية والألمانية مثلاً , ومنها الأمثلة الخاصة بالنظائر المخادعة التي
أشرنا إليها آنفاً , وهي لا توجد عادة بين اللغات المتباعدة , وكثير من هذه
المشكلات لا ترصد مثلاً بين متعلمي الإنجليزية من أبناء العربية .</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">ومع ذلك فإنّ مبدأ التدخل لا يزال معياراً صالحاً لتفسير كثير من الأخطاء
إلى أن يكون في أيدينا معرفة واضحة عن عمليات التعلم الداخلية التي يجريها
المتعلمون عند تلقيهم اللغة .</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">ثالثاً : تصويب الأخطاء :</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">من الواضح أنّ كل شيء في علم اللغة التطبيقي يدرس للإسهام في حلّ مشكلة
عملية , وعلى ذلك فإنّ الأخطاء لا تدرس لذاتـها , صحيح أنـها تفيد إفادة محققة في
الكشف عن طبيعة التعلم , لكن ما يهمنا هنا هو كيف نواجه الأخطاء, وكيف نتلافاها؟</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">ومن الواضح أيضا أن تصويب الأخطاء لا يتم إلا بعد معرفة أسبابـها , وليس من
اليسير الوصول إلى هذه الأسباب بدرجة تقرب من اليقين ؛ لأنها قد ترجع إلى
الاستراتيجية الداخلية التي يتبعها المتعلم , وقد ترجع إلى تدخل اللغة الأم .
وتصويب الأخطاء لا يتم بإعادة تقديم المادة مرة أخرى , كما هو حادث مثلا فيما يعرف
بدروس التقوية في المدارس العربية, وإنما يكون بمعرفة مصدر الخطأ , ثم تقديم
المادة الملائمة.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">ومهما يكن من أمر فإن تحليل الأخطاء له فوائد نظرية وأخرى عملية؛ فعلى
الجانب النظري يختبر تحليل الأخطاء نظرية علم اللغة النفسي في تأثير النقل من
اللغة الأم , فتثبت صحتها أو خطأها, وهو يعد عنصرا مهما في دراسة تعلم اللغة , ثم
إنّ تحليل الأخطاء يقدم إسهاماً طيباً عن
الخصائص الكلية المشتركة في تعليم اللغة الأجنبية , وهو يكشف عن كثير من الكليات
اللغوية .</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 16pt;">وعلى الجانب العملي يعد تحليل الأخطاء عملاً مهماً جداً للمدرس , وهو عمل
متواصل , يساعده على تغيير طريقته أو تطوير المادة , أو تعديل المحيط الذي يدرس
فيه . ولكنّ أهميته الكبرى تكمن على المستوى الأعلى في التخطيط في المقررات
الدراسية , والمقررات العلاجية , وإعادة التعليم, وتدريب المعلمين أثناء العمل .<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<hr align="right" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt;">[1]</span></b></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;"> " إعداد المواد التعليمية لتدريس اللغات
الأجنبية ، بعض الأسس العامة " لمحمود صيني . ( بتصرّف )</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></b></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR"> </span><span style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;"> انظر : علم اللغة التطبيقي وتعليم العربية لعبده
الراجحي . ( بتصرّف )</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></b></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR"> </span><span style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;">"
إعداد المواد التعليمية لتدريس اللغات الأجنبية ، بعض الأسس العامة " لمحمود
صيني . ( بتصرّف )</span></div>
</div>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span dir="LTR"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></b></span></span></span></a><span dir="LTR"> </span><span style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;">انظر
: علم اللغة التطبيقي وتعليم العربية لعبده الراجحي . ( بتصرّف )</span><br />
<br />
<br />
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" dir="RTL">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;"></span></div>
</div>محز اليسرىhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01762372864007331110noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4598517765937227982.post-81254751736060785092012-04-24T21:10:00.002-07:002012-04-30T01:40:36.617-07:00BENTUK TES DALAM EVALUASI PEMBELAJARAN<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b>
</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">BENTUK
TES DALAM EVALUASI PEMBELAJARAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">(RESUMAN SPBA. Q "Ius Kwangend Icha) </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Evaluasi merupakan suatu proses.
Sebagai suatu proses, evaluasi perlu dilanjutkan dengan tindakan. Evaluasi
dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan siswa, sebagai alat untuk memperbaiki
proses belajar mengajar. Dengan demikian informasi yang diperlukan berdasar
pengukuran kuantitatif, yaitu dalam bentuk 10 tes. Beberapa bentuk tes yang
dapat digunakan adalah dengan tes pilihan ganda dan esai.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes Pilihan Ganda</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
<i>Journal of Educational Enquiry </i>disebutkan <i>Multiple-choice questions
are an efficient means of knowledge assessment (particularly in well defined
subjects that do not change with time. They are a widely used assessment </i>).
Artinya yakni beberapa pertanyaan pilihan merupakan sarana yang efisien dalam penilaian
(Khususnya untuk mata pelajaran yang tidak berubah dengan waktu). Bentuk tes
pilihan ganda banyak digunakan dalam metodologi penilaian. Dan dalam jurnal
internasional yang lain disebutkan <i>A conventional multiple-choice test is
one of the most widely used assessment methods. When faced with a question in a
conventional multiplechoice test, a candidate must evaluate each option and
choose the most </i>(Annie W.Y. Ng dan Alan H.S. Chan, 2009: 1). Artinya yakni tes
pilihan ganda konvensional adalah salah satu bentuk tes yang paling banyak digunakan
metode penilaian. Ketika seorang siswa diberi pertanyaan dalam bentuk tes
pilihan ganda konvensional, seorang siswa harus mengevaluasi setiap pilihan dan
memilih salah satu yang paling sesuai. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun
kelebihan bentuk tes pilihan ganda yaitu:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1) Dapat digunakan untuk mengukur semua jenjang kemampuan berfikir dalam
ranah kognitif</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)
Memperkecil kemungkinan menebak benar kunci jawaban</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)
Dapat dibuat menjadi banyak ragam/variasi bentuk, yakni:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a)
Variasi jawaban yang benar</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b)
Variasi jawaban yang paling banyak</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c)
Variasi banyak jawaban</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d)
Variasi pernyataan tidak lengkap</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e)
Variasi negatif</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">f)
Variasi pengganti</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">g)
Variasi alternatif yang tidak lengkap</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">h)
Variasi jawaban terpadu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4) Jawabannya tidak harus mutlak benar, tetapi dapat berupa jawaban
yang paling benar, atau dapat pula mengandung jawaban yang semuanya benar</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5)
Dapat digunakan pada semua jenjang sekolah dan kelas</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6)
Dapat diskor dengan sangat obyektif</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7)
Dapat diskor dengan mudah dan cepat</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8)
Ruang lingkup bahan yang ditanyakan sangat luas. (Suke Silverius, 1991:67-68)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Betapapun unggulnya bentuk pilihan ganda dibandingkan bentuk-bentuk
tes yang lain, bentuk tes pilihan ganda tidak luput dari kelemahan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun
kelemahan dari bentuk tes pilihan ganda yaitu:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1) Pokok soal tidak cepat cukup jelas sehingga terdapat kemungkinan
ada lebih dari satu jawaban yang benar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2) Kadang-kadang jawaban soal dapat diketahui siswa meskipun belum diajarkan
karena adanya petunjuk jawaban yang benar, atau karena butir soal itu mengukur
sikap dan bukan mengukur pengetahuan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3) Sampai suatu tingkat tertentu keberhasilan atas suatu jawaban
dapat diperoleh melalui tebakan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4) Sulit membuat pengecoh (distraktor) yang berfungsi, yakni yang mempunyai
peluang besar untuk dipilih siswa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5) Membutuhkan waktu yang lama untuk menulis soal-soalnya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6) Siswa cenderung mengembangkan cara belajar terpisah-pisah
menurut bunyi tiap soal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Suke
Silverius, 1991:68-69)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam evaluasi hasil belajar, bentuk tes pilihan ganda lebih banyak
dipakai dibandingkan bentuk tes yang lain karena bentuk tes pilihan ganda bebas
dari kelemahan bentuk-bentuk tes yang lain.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes esai</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis tes ini (disebut juga tes uraian) menuntut kemampuan siswa
untuk mengemukakan, menyusun, dan memadukan gagasan yang telah dimilikinya dengan
menggunakan kata-katanya sendiri. Tes jenis ini memungkinkan siswa menjawab
pertanyaan secara bebas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes uraian (<i>essay tes</i>), yang
sering juga dikenal dengan istilah tes subyektif, adalah salah satu jenis tes
hasil belajar yang memiliki karakteristik sebagaimana dikemukakan berikut ini.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1) Tes tersebut berbentuk pertanyaan atau perintah yang menghendaki
jawaban berupa uraian atau paparan kalimat yang pada umumnya cukup panjang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2) Bentuk-bentuk pertanyaan atau perintah itu menuntut kepada
testee untuk memberikan penjelasan, komentar, penafsiran, membandingkan, membedakan,
dan sebagainya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3) Ketiga, jumlah butir soalnya umumnya terbatas, yaitu berkisar
antara lima sampai dengan sepuluh butir.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4) Keempat, pada umumnya butir-butir soal tersebut diawali dengan
katakata: jelaskan, mengapa, bagaimana, atau kata-kata lain yang serupa dengan
itu. (Anas Sudijono, 2008: 100)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa keunggulan dan kelemahan dari tes bentuk esai diantaranya
yaitu:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keunggulan:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1) Memungkinkan siswa menjawab pertanyaan tes
secara bebas</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2) Memberi kesempatan kepada
siswa untuk meningkatkan kemampuannyabdalam hal menulis, mengutarakan ide-ide
atau jalan pikirannya secara terorganisir, berpikir kreatif dan kritis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3) Merupakan tes terbaik
untuk mengukur kemampuan siswa mengemukakan pandangan dalam bentuk tulisan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4) Merupakan tes terbaik untuk mengukur kemampuan siswa
menjelaskan, membandingkan, merangkumkan, membedakan, menggambarkan dan mengevaluasi
suatu topik atau pokok bahasan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5) Relatif lebih mudah
menyusun pertanyaannya dibandingkan dengan tes bentuk obyektif</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6) Sangat memperkecil
kemungkinan siswa menebak jawaban yang benar</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7) Dapat menggalakkan siswa untuk mempelajari
secara luas konsepkonsep dan generalisasi yang berkaitan dengan topic pembahasan/pengajaran</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelemahan:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1)
Sukar diskor secara benar-benar obyektif, walaupun itu tes yang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dikualifikasi
sebagai tes uraian obyektif sekalipun</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2)
Membutuhkan waktu yang lama untuk menjawab pertanyaan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3)
Jumlah pokok bahasan/subpokok bahasan yang dapat diambil sebagai sumber
pertanyaaan sangat terbatas</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4)
Membutuhkan waktu yang jauh lebih lama bagi guru untuk membaca dan menilai
semua jawaban siswa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5)
Sering terbuka untuk <i>hallo effect </i>yang berupa kecenderungan untuk memberi
nilai tinggi bagi siswa yang dianggap/dinilai mempunyai kemampuan yang lebih
tinggi dibandingkan dengan teman sekelasnya. (Suke Silverius, 1991:63-65)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tes hasil belajar bentuk esai sebagai salah satu alat pengukur
hasil belajar, tepat digunakan apabila pembuat soal disamping ingin mengungkap
daya ingat dan pemahaman siswa terhadap materi pelajaran yang ditanyakan dalam
tes, juga dikehendaki untuk mengungkap kemampuan siswa dalam memahami berbagai
macam konsep berikut aplikasinya.selain itu tes esai juga lebih tepat dipergunakan
apabila jumlah siswa terbatas.</span></div>محز اليسرىhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01762372864007331110noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4598517765937227982.post-88140732604068989042012-04-23T23:15:00.002-07:002012-04-23T23:15:50.136-07:00PERBEDAAN MAKNA KATA-KATABAHASA INDONESIA SERAPAN BAHASA ARAB DARI MAKNA SUMBERNYA<div style="text-align: justify;">
PERBEDAAN MAKNA KATA-KATABAHASA INDONESIA<br />SERAPAN BAHASA ARAB DARI MAKNA SUMBERNYA</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />oleh Tadkiroatun Musfiroh<br />FBS Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta<br />Abstact<br />Issues dealing with Indonesian loan words from Arabic at<br />least can be explored from three main aspects, namely, phonology,<br />morphology,and semantics. This article, however,only focuseson a<br />semantic aspect, specifying the differences in meaning between<br />Indonesian loan words from Arabic and their originals. There were<br />400 Indonesian loan words treated as data, which were borrowed<br />from Arabic. Eighty of them were found to have differences in<br />meaning compared to the Arabic original forms. Based on the<br />analysis, three types of the meaning differenceswere identified. The<br />first type, involving 18 loan words, was a widening process due to<br />the formation of new concepts. The second type, involving 30 loan<br />words, was a narrowing process because of patterns ofhyponyms or<br />choices of homonyms. The remaining 32 loan words indicated that<br />they changed totally in meaning fromtheir Arabicoriginals.<br />Key Words: Arabic, loan words, narrowing, semantics, widening<br />A. Pendahuluan<br />Permasalahan penyerapan kata-kata bahasa Indonesia dari<br />bahasa Arab, setidak-tidaknya meliputi tiga hal, yakni permasalahan<br />fonologi, morfologi, dan semantik. Permasalahan fonologi terjadi<br />karena proses penyesuaian fonem dari bahasa Arab ke dalam bahasa<br />Indonesia terhambat oleh khasanah fonemyang berbeda. Permasalahan<br />ini dikaji oleh Sudamo tahoo 1992 dalam bukunya Kata Serapan dari<br />BahasaArab.<br />Permasalahan yang kedua adalah permasalahan morfologi.<br />Permasalahan ini terjadi karena proses pengambilan atau penyerapan<br />kata-kata bahasa Indonesia dari bahasa Arab, umumnya tidak<br />38<br />39<br />memperhatikan jenis dan kata asalnya. Kata yang dalam bahasa Arab<br />berkelas nomina, misalnya sami'a. setelah diserap ke dalam bahasa<br />Indonesia menjadi simak berkelas verba. Selain itu, kata-kata yang<br />diserap dari berbagai jenis dan kelas kata tersebut diperlakukan sebagai<br />morfem dasar, sehingga mengalami proses morfologis untuk<br />membentuk makna yang diinginkan. Permasalahan tersebut dikaji oleh<br />Ma'nawi (1997) dalam tesisnya Pembentukan Verbadan Nomina dalam<br />Bahasa Indonesia:Kajian Morfologis Unsur Pinjaman Bahasa<br />Indonesia<br />Permasalahan ketiga adalah permasalahan semantik.<br />Permasalahan ini, terutama, berkaitan dengan masalah perbedaan makna<br />yang disebabkan oleh faktor kebahasaan dan non-kebahasaan. Faktor<br />kebahasaan merupakan gejala alamiah bahasa, yakni bahasa secara<br />diakronis, terutama lintas bahasa, mungkin sekali terjadi perubahan<br />bahasa, termasuk perubahan makna kata. Kata seperti alim merupakan<br />contoh. Kata 'alim dalam bahasa Arab berarti 'menguasai, yang<br />mengetahui', dan dalam bahasa Indonesia kata alim memiliki makna<br />pendiam, tenang, tidak banyak bicara. Dalam bahasa Arab, kata yang<br />memiliki makna pendiam adalah kata assaakita. Pemaksaan<br />penggunaan kata alim makna pendiam dalam bahasa Arab, menjadikan<br />kalimatyang dihasilkantidak berterima.<br />(1)[ JA~ rJWi\J I t~ ]<br />Badii annal 'iilimajahilun 'temyata orang yang pintar itu<br />bodoh'(?)<br />Tidak sedikit kata bahasa Indonesia serapan yang memiliki<br />perbedaan makna dengan makna kata sumbemya seperti contoh kalimat<br />di atas. Sayangnya, fenomena linguistik tersebut belum memperoleh<br />cukup perhatian. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan kajian terhadapnya.<br />Untuk itu, perlu diperolehjawaban (1) wujud perbedaaan makna kata<br />yang terdapat dalam kata-kata bahasa Indonesia serapan bahasa Arab<br />dari makna sumbemya, dan (2) pola yang mendasari perbedaan makna<br />kata-kata tersebut.<br />Perbedaan Makna Kata-kata Bahasa Indonesia (Tadkhiroatun M.)<br />40<br />B. Kata Serapan<br />Kata serapan digunakan oleh Sudamo (1990) untuk makna<br />pinjaman yang digunakan oleh Kridalaksana (1988). Jones<br />menyebutnya sebagai loan wordsatau kata-kata pinjaman. Istilah-istilah<br />tersebut digunakan untuk menyebut kosakata suatu bahasa yang bukan'<br />kosakata asli. Kosakata serapan merupakan kosakata yang diambiV<br />diserap dari satu bahasa donor dengan penyesuaian kaidah yang ada<br />dalambahasa penyerap.<br />Bukanlah suatu hal yang mudah untuk menentukan maka katakata<br />bahasa Indonesia yang merupakan unsur serapan dan mana yang<br />merupakan unsur asli. Apabila unsur serapan yang ada masih utuh,<br />mungkin tidak terlalu menyulitkan. Apabila unsur serapan tersebut<br />telah mengalami perubahan bentuk, diperlukan kerja tersendiri untuk<br />mengidentifikasinya. Sebuah kata atau istilah yang merupakan unsur<br />serapan akan sulit dilacak kembali karena beberapa faktor, yaitu :<br />(1) Terlalu banyak mengalami perubahan struktur sehingga sulit<br />untuk mencari identitasnya;<br />(2) Frekuensi pemakaiannya sangat tinggi sehingga tidak dirasakan<br />lagi sebagai unsur serapan;<br />(3) Bentuk kata atau istilah serapan itu ada dalam dua bahasa yang<br />berbeda (Eddy,1989:23).<br />Proses penyerapan kata-kata bahasa Indonesia dari bahasa Arab<br />umumnya (1) tidak memperhatikanjenis kata asalnya; (2) dapat berupa<br />kata per kata secara utuh, dan ada pula yang digabung dengan kata lain<br />dari bahasa penutur; (3) dianggap sebagai bentuk dasar walaupun dalam<br />bahasa asalnya sudah mengalami derivasi yang berupa kata jadian; dan<br />(4) unsur-unsur tersebut terintegrasi, tetap berlaku kaidah-kaidah bahasa<br />Indonesia, baik mengenai perubahan bentuk dan maknanya, maupun<br />proses pembentukan katanya. Berdasarkan kajian ahli bahasa, unsur<br />pinjaman dari bahasa Arab oleh bahasa Indonesia meliputi masdar<br />(infinitit), isim faqil, isim mafqul, kata benda yang pembentukannya<br />bukan karena derivasi, kata benda yang menerangkan tempat atau waktu,<br />DIKSI Vol.JJ, No, J, Januari 2004<br />41<br />dan nomina relativa atau bentuk nisbah yang bentuk yang memberi arti<br />hubungannya dengan katabenda yangbersangkutan.<br />c. Perubahan Makna Kata<br />Secara sinkronis, makna sebuah kata atau leksem mungkin tidak<br />akan berubah, tetapi secara diakronis ada kemungkinan berubah.<br />Apalagi jika kata atau leksem tersebut merupakan kata serapan, yakni<br />kata yang diserap dari bahasa lain. Perubahan itu sendiri muncul karena<br />proses integrasi (Weinreich via Ma'nawi,1997), yang meliputi (1)<br />percampuradukan penggunaan kata-kata asing dengan kata baru; (2)<br />kata lama terhapus oleh kata pinjaman; (3) isi yang terkandung<br />tercampur aduk antara kata lama dengan kata pinjaman untuk tujuan<br />khusus.<br />Suatu bahasa menyerap kata dari bahasa lain karena didorong<br />kebutuhan untuk mengungkapkan suatu konsep, barang, atau tempat. Di<br />samping itu menggunakan atau meminjam kata-kata yang sudah jadi<br />lebihmudah daripadamembuat ataumenciptakan kata-katabaru.<br />Faktor penyebab perbedaan atau perubahan makna meliputi halhal<br />selain faktor kebahasaan, yakni faktor kesejarahan, faktor sosial,<br />faktor psikologis yang meliputi emotif, leksem tabu, dan faktor pengaruh<br />bahasa asing, sertakebutuhan kata barn (Pateda, 1986:71-72).Perubahan<br />makna tersebut, sebagaimana dikatakan Allan (1986) merupakan<br />fenomena linguistikyang benar-benartidak teratur dantidak sistematis<br />Perubahan makna tidak terjadi pada semua kosakata, melainkan<br />hanya terjadi pada sejumlah kata saja. Perubahan atau pergeseran makna<br />terjadi karena berbagai sebab, antara lain karena perkembangan ilmu dan<br />teknologi, perkembangan sosial budaya, p~rkembangan bidang<br />pemakaian, danasosiasi (Chaer,1994).<br />Menurut Chaer, perubahan makna sebenamya hanya tiga, yakni<br />meluas, menyempit, dan perubahan total. Suatu kata dikatakan meluas<br />maknanya apabila makna yang baru lebih luas daripada makna<br />terdahulu, termasuk di dalamnya sinestesia dan asosiasi. Perubahan<br />Perbedaan Makna Kata-kata Bahasa Indonesia (Tadkhiroatun M.)<br />- ---<br />42<br />menyempit merupakan perubahan makna yang lebih khusus, terperinci,<br />dan kecil daripada makna sebelumnya. Apabila perubahan-perubahan<br />itu tidak menyisakan makna walaupun terdapat mata rantai makna,<br />dikatakan sebagai perubahan makna total (Chaer, 1994).<br />D. PerbedaanMakna<br />Perbedaan makna kata-kata bahasa Indonesia yang diserap dari<br />bahasa Arab dengan makna kata sumbemya dapat dikategorikan ke<br />dalam tiga macam, Yakniperbedaaan makna meluas, menyempit, dan<br />perbedaaan makna total. Apabila ditelaah lebihjauh, perbedaan makna<br />tersebut memiliki pola tertentu. Berikut ini dibahas satu per satu jenis<br />perbedaandanpolayangmendasarinya. .<br />Dari 400 kata serapan yang dijaring, hanya 80 kata yang<br />memiliki perbedaan makna dengan makna dari bahasa Arab. Tiga puluh<br />di antaranya memiliki makna lebih sempit dari makna sumbemya, 18<br />kata memiliki makna lebih luas, dan 32 kata memiliki makna yang<br />berbeda total denganbahasa donomya.<br />1.MaknaMenyempit<br />Kosakata bahasa Indonesia serapan bahasa Arab mengalami<br />perbedaan makna menyempit dari makna bahasa donomyajika cakupan<br />makna yang terkandung dalam bahasa Indonesia lebih sempit atau lebih<br />spesifik dari cakupan makna dalam bahasa Arabnya. Kata ahad<br />misalnya, dalam bahasa Arab berarti satu, hari minggu, dan pertama.<br />Dalam bahasa Indonesia, kata ahad digunakan dengan makna hari<br />minggu, saja. Penggunaan kata ahad dalam bahasa Indonesia dengan<br />makna satu, dan pertama tidak lazim dan bahkan mungkin tidak<br />berterima.<br />(2 [ .l> '11t ~ f .l>1 ~ ~'J ]<br />liya'tiya ahadukumyaumal ahad<br />'Salah satu di antara kalian datanglahpada hari ahad'.<br />dan bukan<br />DIKSI Vo/.ll. No.1, Januari 2004<br />43<br />*'Salahahad di antara kalian datanglahpada hari ahad'. *<br />Di samping memiliki makna menyempit, kata ahad juga hanya<br />digunakan oleh kalangan Islam. Kata-kata seperti adab. ayat, dan khilaf<br />merupakan contoh lainkata-kata bahasa Indonesia serapan bahasa Arab<br />yang mengalami permasalahan serupa. Meskipun demikian, dalam<br />lingkup tertentu, kata-kata tertentu digunakan, seperti kata adab di<br />lingkunganperguruantinggi Islam dan pesantren.<br />Tabel I. Contoh Kosakata Bahasa Indonesia Serapan Bahasa Arab<br />yang Memiliki Makna Lebih Sempit dari Bahasa Donomya<br />2. Makna Meluas<br />Makna kata bahasa Indonesia serapan bahasa Arab dikatakan<br />meluas apabila cakupan makna dalam bahasa Indonesia lebih luas<br />daripada makna dalam bahasa Arab. Kata iahanan misalnya, yang<br />dipinjam dari bahasa Arab iahannam yang berarti 'nama salah satu<br />Perbedaan Makna Kata-kata Bahasa Indonesia (Tadkhiroatun M.)<br />- --<br />Kata dan Makna dalam Bahasa Arab Bentuk dan Makna dalam Bahasa Indonesia<br />Aclab: 1. etika, sopan santun Aclab: etika, sopan santun<br />2. sastra (catatan : makna sastra hanya digunakan<br />3. pendidikan di kalangan tertentu : fakultas Adab lAIN)<br />Ayat: 1. bagian claripasal Ayat: bagian dari pasal dalam UU,<br />2. alamat, tanda-tancla kitab suci<br />Khilaf : I. salah, keliru Khilaf: salah atau keliru<br />2. Pertentangan<br />Aman: 1. tenteram Aman: tenteram, tanpa gangguan<br />2. Sejahtera, makmur<br />Khotbah :I. Berpidato Khotbah : Pidato keagamaan<br />2. Sambutan<br />Ghoib: I. Hilang, tidak hadir Gaib : kasat mata<br />2. Kasat mata<br />--- - - -<br />44<br />neraka', setelah masuk menjadi kosakata bahasa Indonesia, maknanya<br />meluas. Kata iahanam dalam bahasa Indonesia dipergunakanjuga untuk<br />mengumpat. .<br />Kata abdi dalam bahasa Arab pada mulanya bermakna budak<br />laki-Iaki atau hamba. Setelah masuk ke dalam bahasa Indonesia, makna<br />tersebut meluas. Orang mempergunakan kata tersebut dalam arti<br />karyawan atau pegawai, sehingga sering ditemukan kalimat "saya<br />adalah abdi negara", bukan saja dalam arti pelayan negara, tetapi dalam<br />arti pegawai negara, yang digaji oleh negara. Abdi dalam pengertian<br />'karyawan atau pegawai' merupakan perkembangan makna barn yang<br />mengandung perbedaan sistem pengabdian yakni digaji dan memiliki<br />hak. Abdi dalampengertian ini tidak ditemui dalam bahasa Arab. Dalam<br />bahasa Arabdigunakan kata muwaddof.<br />(3 Saya adalah abdi negara<br />Apabila diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Arab kalimat tersebut<br />akanmenjadi:<br />[ ~ ."s:.:..1~If ul ] 'ana muwaddofhukumati<br />dan bukan<br />[ ~."s:.:..-¥ul ] 'ana 'abdul hukumati<br />Di lain pihak, abdi dalam arti 'budak atau hamba' mulai jarang<br />digunakan dalam bahasa Indonesia. Dapat juga dikatakan bahwa abdi<br />dalam arti "karyawan atau pegawai' merupakan proses pembaikan<br />makna atau ameliorasi. Lihatjuga tabel berikut ini.<br />DIKSI Vol.ll. No.1, Januari 2004<br />45<br />Tabel 2. Contoh Kosakata Bahasa Indonesia Serapan Bahasa Arab<br />yang Memiliki Makna 'LebihLuas dari Makna Sumbemya<br />3. Perbedaan Makna Total<br />Kosakata bahasa Indonesia serapan bahasa Arab kadang<br />memiliki makna berbeda dan tidak menyisakan makna dari bahasa<br />donomya. Artinya, makna yang dimiliki sekarang sudah jauh berbeda<br />dengan makna kata aslinya. Beberapa kosakata bahasa Indonesia<br />serapan bahasa Arab yang mengalami perbedaan makna total ini. Kata<br />lahil misalnya, dalam bahasa Arab berarti 'bodoh atau pandir', namun<br />dalam bahasa Indonesia, lahil berarti 'usil, jahat'. Jahat dalam bahasa<br />Arab adalah syirik atau syirru<br />(4)[ JA~~~~~~~ ]<br />manlaya'lamu'an syai'in fahuwa laahilun<br />'Orang yang tidak tahu tentang sesuatu, maka dia bodoh dalam masalah itu'<br />bukan<br />'Orang yang tidak tahu tentang sesuatu, maka dia usil dalam masalah itu'.<br />Makna 'bodoh' untuk kata lahil dalam bahasa Indonesia tidak<br />Perbedaan Makna Kata-kata Bahasa Indonesia (Tadkhiroatun M.)<br />- - - -<br />L<br />Makna dalam Bahasa Arab Makna dalam Bahasa Indonesia<br />Fahama : pengertian, pemahaman Paham : (I) pengertian, pengetahuan<br />(2) aliran, kepercayaan<br />Dlorurot : terpaksa, Darurat: (1) keadaan sukar,<br />tidak ada pilihan (2)terpaksa<br />(3) bersifat sementaralala kadarnya<br />Dunya : alam jagat raya Dunia: (1) alamjagat raya<br />(2) ruang lingkup suatu masalah<br />Haq : nyata, pasti, benar Hak: (1) nyata, benar,<br />(2) kewenangan, milik<br />Sidiq : benar, lurus (untuk hati) Sidik : (1) benar, jujur<br />(2) pembenaran<br />(3) dini hari<br />J -----<br />46<br />berterima. Demikian pula sebaliknya, penggunaan kataiahil dengan<br />makna 'usil, jahat' tidak berterima dalam bahasa Arab. Seperti juga kata<br />hebat yang diserap dari bahasa arab haibat. Haibat dalam bahasa Arab<br />berarti 'disegani, yang ditakuti', dalam bahasa Indonesia kata tersebut<br />memiliki makna 'dahsyat, luar biasa, sangat bagus'.<br />(5)[ ~~ ~~ ~I.J: liwIS'" ]<br />Ka:na qo'idujjuyu:syi dza haibatin 'adlimatin<br />'Panglima perang itusangat hebat (disegani)'<br />Makna haibat dalam bahasa Arab dapat digunakan untuk<br />pengertian ditakuti, karena membunuh misalnya. Dalam bahasa<br />Indonesia, makna tersebut tidak berterima.<br />(6) * Orang itu sangat hebat, karena telah membunuh banyak<br />orang<br />Makna hebat dalam bahasa Indonesia mengacu pada pengertian<br />yang cenderung positif atau luar biasa. Dalam bahasa Arab, orang<br />menggunakan kata syadidatununtuk pengertian tersebut.<br />(7)[ '$0 -"'!~o ~~~I ]<br />Alburudatu syadidarunjirron 'Dinginnya luar biasa'<br />Ada setidak-tidaknya 32 kata bahasa Indonesia serapan bahasa<br />Arab yang memiliki makna yang berbeda dari bahasa donpmya, di<br />antaranya contoh berikut.<br />Tabel3. Contoh Kosakata Bahasa Indonesia Serapan Bahasa Arab<br />yang Maknanya Berubah Total dari Bahasa Donomya<br />DIKSI Vol.1l. No.1, Januari 2004<br />Kata dan Makna dalam Bahasa Arab Bentuk dan Makna dalam Bahasa Indonesia<br />Hummat : keputusan Hemat : pikiran, pendapat<br />Himmat: kemauan Hemat : teliti, cennat, tidak boros<br />?azimat: kemauan yang kuat Azimat /Jimat : benda yang dianggap bertuah<br />Karamat: kemulian, suci Keramat : bertuah, memberi efek magis<br />Was-was : menghasut, bisikan Was-was : khawatir, raguragu<br />Syajaroh : pohon, silsilah Sejarah : Peristiwa masa lalu yang benar terjadi<br />47<br />Kata hemat yang dalam bahasa Indonesia dikenal sebagai<br />homonim sebenamya memiliki akar kata yang sarna dalam bahasa Arab.<br />Makna kata hemat dalam bahasa Indonesiaberbeda dengan makna kata<br />tersebut dalam bahasa donornya. Demikianjuga dengan kata iimat yang<br />berasal dari kata azimat, kata keramat dari kata karomat, kata was-was<br />dari kata was-was. kata seiarah dari kata syaiaroh. Kata-kata tersebut<br />telah diserap dalam bahasa Indonesia,dan dalam proses integrasinya<br />mengalami perubahan makna yang berbeda total dengan makna dalam<br />bahasa donornya.<br />E. Pola Perbedaan Makna<br />Perbedaan makna kata-kata bahasa Indonesia serapan bahasa<br />Arab dengan makna dalam bahasa donomya memiliki setidak-tidaknya<br />lima pola. Pola-pola tersebut adalah pola spesifikasi atau hiponimi, pola<br />pilihan homonimi, pembentukan konsep barn, efek makna, dan<br />pembedaan makna.<br />1. Spesifikasi<br />Kata bahasa Indonesia serapan bahasa Arab dikatakan berpola<br />spesifikasi apabila makna yang terdapat dalam bahasa Indonesia<br />merupakan bagian dari makna dalam bahasa Arab. Dengan kata lain,<br />makna dalam bahasa Indonesia lebih spesifik Pola ini terjadi pada katakata<br />yang dalam bahasa Arab mempunyai gradasi makna umum, tetapi<br />setelah diserap dalam bahasa Indonesia mengalami spesifikasi. Kata<br />serbat yang diserap dari kata syurbat misalnya, yang dalam bahasa Arab<br />bermakna minuman (generik), setelah diserap dalam bahasa Indonesia<br />menjadi serbat (spesifik) yakni minuman dari jahe. Demikian juga<br />dengan kata madrasah, kitab, dan tabib. Kata-kata tersebut semula<br />memiliki makna yang lebih general,namun setelahdiserap dalam bahasa<br />Indonesia menjadi lebih spesifik.<br />Perbedaan Makna Kata-kata Bahasa Indonesia (Tadkhiroatun M.)<br />- ---<br />48<br />Tabel 4. Contoh Kata Bahasa Indonesia Serapan Bahasa Arab<br />Yang Mengalami Spesifikasi Makna dari Bahasa Donornya<br />]<br />Syaribtu syurbatullabari 'Saya minum (minuman) susu'<br />dan tidak tepat bila diterjemahkan 'Saya minum serbat susu'.<br />Makna kata syurbat dalam bahasa Arab mengacu pada berbagai<br />minuman dalam bentuk cair, sehingga spesifikasi ditunjukkan dengan<br />memberi keterangan pada nomina tersebut. Dalam bahasa Indonesia,<br />makna minuman dalam bentuk cair telah dikandung dalampredikatnya.<br />Dengan demikian, kalimat "Saya minum susu" mengandung pengertian<br />bahwa yang diminum adalah susu cairoDemikian juga kata madrosah<br />yang dalam bahasa Arab berarti sekolah, dalam bahasa Indonesia makna<br />kata tersebut mengalami spesifikasi. Tidak mungkin membuat kalimat<br />bahasa Indonesia dengankata madrasah untuk makna sekolah.<br />(9) *Madrasah Loyolaberada di Semarang.<br />Kalimat di atas akan membuat orang yang mendengarnya<br />tertawa karena mungkin dianggap sebagai lelucon. Dalam bahasa<br />Indon~atamadrasah hanya digunakan untuk sekolah-sekolah<br />Islam, seperti ~iyah (setingkat SMU), madrasah Tsanawiyah<br />(setingkat SLTP), dan madrasah Ibtidaiyah (setingkat SD). Apabila<br />dibuat bagan, akan diperolehwujud sebagai berikut.<br />DIKSI Vo/.Il. No.1, Januari 2004<br />Kata dan Makna dalam Bahasa Arab Kata dan Makoa dalam Bahasa Indonesia<br />1. Madrosah: sekolah 1. Madrasah : sekolah Islam<br />2. Kitab : buku 2. Kitab: Buku suci agama<br />3. Tabib :juru sembuh 3. Tabib : juru sembuh non-medis<br />4. Imam : pemimpin 4. Imam: pemimpin dalam sholat<br />5. Hisab : menghitung, menduga 5. Hisab: menghitung untuk astronomi & nasib<br />6. Syurbat : minuman 6. Serbat : minuman panas (khususnya dari jahe)<br />49<br />. BI<br />!<br />Keterangan:<br />BA = bentuk kata bahasa Arab<br />BI = bentuk kata bahasa Indonesia<br />MA= makna kata bahasa Arab<br />MI = makna kata bahasa Indonesia<br />AI,A2,A3 = spesifikasi makna dari MA ke MI<br />BA<br />!<br />MA MI<br />ffi/ Al A2 A3<br />Gambar 1. Pola Spesifikasi Makna Kata Bahasa Indonesia<br />Serapan Bahasa Arab dari Bahasa Donomya.<br />Dari gambar dapat diinterpretasikan bahwa makna semula dalam<br />bahasa donor dianggap sebagai makna general yang memiliki<br />spesifikasi. Kata minuman misalnya, memiliki spesifikasi susu, teh,<br />jahe, minuman ringan, dan sebagainya. Bahasa Indonesia mengambil<br />salah satu spesifikasi tersebut. Pola ini sarna dengan pola hipemimhiponim,<br />yang berarti makna dalam bahasa Arab dianggap sebagai<br />hipemimnya, dan makna dalam bahasa Indonesia dianggap sebagai<br />hiponim.<br />2. Pola PemilihanHomonim<br />Pola pemilihan homonim merupakan pola penyempitan makna<br />karena adanya pengambilan satu makna di antara beberapa makna yang<br />ada. Apabila ada dua kata atau lebih yang memiliki bentuk sarna tetapi<br />berbeda maknanya, maka hanya diambil satu makna saja. Hal itu dapat<br />dilihat pada contoh kalimat dengan menggunakan kata adab,dan hamil<br />berikutini. .<br />(10)[ y,)~Iy l:5~J~10 I..} ]<br />Qara'tusysyi'ra fi kitabil adabi 'Saya membaca syair itu di buku<br />sastra '<br />Kalimat tersebut tidak akan berterima apabila diterjemahkan<br />Perbedaan Makna Kata-kata Bahasa Indonesia (Tadkhiroatun M.)<br />- ---<br />50<br />sebagai berikut<br />* 'Saya membaca syair itu di buku adab'<br />(11)[ ~,:)~~Ii~ ]<br />Yuhtaramul fata: li'adabihi 'Pemuda itu dihormati karena sopan<br />santunnya'<br />Kalimat tersebut tetap berterima apabila diterjemahkan sebagai<br />berikut.<br />'Pemuda itu dihormati karena adabnya'<br />(12)[ ~ll.A-- l:5IJo l> ~IJ ]<br />Ra'aitu Haamilal kitaabi fi maktabi<br />'Saya melihat ada orang membawabuku di perpustakaan'<br />Kalimat tersebut tidak berterima jika diterjemahkan sebagai<br />berikut.<br />* 'Saya melihat ada orang hamil buku di perpustakaan'.<br />Pola pemilihan homonim terjadi karena bahasa Indonesia hanya<br />menyerap satu kata di antara dua kata yang memiliki kesamaan bentuk<br />tersebut. Mungkin juga makna kata yang satu telah ada dalam<br />perbendaharaan kata bahasa Indonesia. Kata waqof yang kemudian<br />diserap menjadi wakaf misalnya, dalam bahasa Arab memiliki dua<br />makna, yakni derma dan jeda. Kata tersebut mengalami dua proses<br />sekaligus, yakni proses spesifikasi dan pemilihan homonimi. Akhimya,<br />dalam bahasa Indonesia kata wakafmemiliki makna derma ikhlas (tidak<br />dapat digugat kembali) demi kepentingan umum. Pemberian dalam arti<br />lain bahasa Indonesia memiliki kata bantuan, pemberian, derma.<br />Penyempitan makna denganpola ini dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut.<br />DIKSI Vol.JJ. No. J. Januari 2004<br />51<br />. BI<br />1<br />BA 1\ MAl MA2 .MI<br />Keterangan:<br />BA = Bentuk kata dalam bahasa Arab<br />BI = Bentuk kata dalam bahasa Indonesia<br />MA I = Makna Arab I<br />MA 2 = Makna Arab 2<br />MI = Makna dalam Bahasa Indonesia<br />Gambar 2 : Pola Pemilihan Homonimi Makna Kata Bahasa Indonesia<br />Serapan bahasa Arab dari Bahasa Donomya<br />3. Pembentukan Konsep Barn<br />Pembentukan konsep barn merupakan pola yang mendasari<br />perbedaan makna meluas. Bahasa Indonesia meminjam kata dalam<br />bahasa Arab yan dalam perkembangannya, kata-kata tersebut diberi<br />makna barn oleh para penutur bahasa Indonesia. Kata haiat misalnya,<br />semula memiliki makna yang sarna dengan bahasa donomya, yakni<br />kemauan, keinginan. Dalam perkembangannya, kata haiat juga<br />digunakan bersama-sama dengan kata buang, dan memiliki makna<br />sebagai 'kotoran' dalam buang haiat. Demikianjuga dengan kata dunia.<br />Pada mulanya, dunia berarti alam tempat hidup manusia sebelum mati.<br />Dalam perkembangannya, kata dunia juga digunakan untuk pengertian<br />permasalahan, sehingga ditemukan istilah dunia wanita, dunia<br />pertelevisian. dan sebagainya.<br />Pembentukan konsep baru kata-kata serapan tersebut<br />mengakibatkan makna kata dalam bahasa Indonesia lebih luas daripada<br />makna kata tersebut dalam bahasa donomya. Perluasan makna dengan<br />Perbedaan Makna Kata-kata Bahasa Indonesia (Tadkhiroatun M.)<br />52<br />pembentukan konsep barn dapat digambarkan sebagaiberikut.<br />. BI~ BA<br />1<br />MA .MII MI2<br />Keterangan:<br />BA = Bentuk kata dalam bahasa Arab<br />BI = Bentuk kata dalam bahasa Indonesia<br />MA = Makna dalam Bahasa Arab<br />.MI I = Makna dalam bahasa Indonesia dari bahasa Arab<br />MI 2 = Makna kedua hasil dari Pembentukan konsep barn<br />Gambar 3 : Pola Pembentukan Konsep Barn Makna Kata-kata<br />Bahasa Indonesia Serapan Bahasa Arab<br />Pola ini tidak begitu banyak ditemukan dalam kosakata bahasa<br />Indonesia serapan bahasa Arab. Hal ini mungkin disebabkan oleh<br />masuknya perbendaharaan kata bahasa selain bahasa Arab untuk<br />menampung konsep-konsep barn,<br />4. Efek Makna<br />Makna kata dikatakan mengalami pengefekan apabila makna<br />yang terdapat dalam bahasa Indonesia berbeda dengan makna dalam<br />bahasa donornya, tetapi perbedaan tersebut mempunyai kaitan. Kaitan<br />tersebut diasumsikan sebagai efek, yakni efek dari konsep makna yang<br />terdapat dalam bahasa donornya. Kata hasut misalnya, berasal dari<br />bahasa Arab hasat yang berarti dengki. Orang yang dengki suka sekali<br />memprovokasi atau mempengarnhi pihak lain agar berbuat tidak baik<br />Dalam bahasa Indonesia, yang diambil sebagai makna adalah efek dari<br />sifat dengkit, yakni kegiatan memprovokasi pihak lain tersebut. Oleh<br />DIKSI Vol.ll, No.1, Januari 2004<br />53<br />karena itu, kata hasut memiliki makna mempengaruhi orang lain agar<br />berbuat tidak baik. Dengan kata lain, makna hasut dalam bahasa<br />Indonesia merupakanefekmakna hasut dalambahasa donomya.<br />(13)[ 0 ~I ~I~.J ~ )f<br />La: tasma' waswas: asy-syaito:ni<br />setan'<br />Kalimat terse but menjadi tidak berterima jika kata was-was<br />diterjemahkan sebagai was-was 'khawatir'.<br />* Jangan kau dengar 'was-was~ setan<br />Kata-kata yang bergaris bawah, yakni was-was dan hasut<br />merupakan kata-kata serapan yang telah mengalami perubahan makna.<br />Hal tersebut ditunjukkan dengan pengkontrastifan kalimat. Makna<br />dalam bahasa Arab tidak sarna dengan makna dalam bahasa Indonesia.<br />Meskipun demikian, apabila ditelaah lebih Ianjut, perbedaan tersebut<br />masih berkaitan. Makna dalam bahasa Indonesia merupakan akibat dari<br />aksi pelaku yang ditunjukkan oleh kata-kata dalambahasa Arab.<br />]<br />'Jangankaudengarbisikan<br />BA<br />1<br />.BI<br />1<br />MA<br />! ~ MI 1/<br />Keterangan:<br />BA = Bentuk kata dalam bahasa Arab<br />BI = Bentuk kata dalam bahasa Indonesia<br />MA = Makna dalam Bahasa Arab<br />MI = Makna dalam bahasa Indonesia<br />EMA = Efek dari makna bahasa Arab<br />Gambar 4. Pola Efek Makna Makna Kata Bahasa Indonesia<br />Serapan Bahasa Arab dari Bahasa Donomya<br />Perbedaan Makna Kata-kata Bahasa Indonesia (Tadkhiroatun M.)<br />- -- --<br />---- --<br />54<br />5. PembedaanMakna<br />Pembedaan makna merupakan pola kedua yang mendasari<br />perubahan makna selain pola efek makna. Berbeda dengan pola efek<br />makna, makna kata dengan pola pembedaan makna tidak memiliki<br />kaitan makna, bahkan dikatakan sangat berbeda sehingga suIit dideteksi<br />kaitan maknanya.Dapat pula dikatakan bahwa tidak ada pola yang dapat<br />dirunut kecuali hanya perbedaan itu sendiri, sehingga disebut pola<br />pembedaan makna. Cukup banyak kata-kata bahasa Indonesia serapan<br />dari bahasa Arab yang mengalami perubahan makna total dari bahasa<br />donornya ini. Kata-kata serapan yang dapat dijadikan contoh adalah kata<br />maqom:makam, rukun:rukun, syaiaroh:seiarah, azimat:iimat.<br />Perbedaamtersebut lebih terlihat melalui konteks kalimat berikut ini.<br />(14)[ ~ J'! I i l.i.o J I ]<br />Aina maQomu ibrohima 'Di mana tempat bekas tapak Ibrahim?'<br />Kata maqom dalam kalimat tersebut memiliki arti tempat bekas<br />berpijak nama Ibrahim. Pertanyaan tersebut diajukan apabila seorang<br />yang berhaji mencari hajar aswad, dan bukan menanyakan tempat Nabi<br />Ibrahim dikuburkan. Tempat di mana seseorang dimakamkan dalam<br />bahasa Arab disebut kubro. Demikian juga kata syaiaroh yang dalam<br />bahasa Arab berarti pohon, dalam bahasa Indonesia, kata tersebut<br />diserap menjadi bentuk seiarah dengan makna "peristiwa masa lalu yang<br />benar-benar terjadi'.<br />(15)[~JS'Fo~1 ]<br />Asyaiarotu tutsmiru kulla sanatin<br />Kata syaiarotu dalam kalimat tersebut diterjemahkan sebagai<br />'pohon' dan menjadi tidak berterima apabila diterjemahkan<br />scbagai'sejarah'.<br />*'Sejarah rambutan saya berbuah tiap tahun'<br />seharusnya<br />'Pohon rambutan saya berbuattiap tahun'<br />DIKSI Vol.ll. No.1. Januari 2004<br />55<br />Perubahan makna total dengan pola pembedaan makna ini,<br />seperti dicontohkan dalam kalimat-kalimat di atas membuktikan bahwa<br />walaupun kata-kata tersebut diserap dari bahasa Arab, dalam<br />perkembangannyakata-kata itu mempunyaimakna sendiri.<br />F.Penutup<br />Pengkajian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam proses penyerapan<br />bahasa Indonesia dari bahasa Arab teIjadi perbedaan makna yang<br />dikategorikan sebagai pergeseran makna meluas dan menyempit serta<br />perubahan makna.<br />Pemolaan beserta nama-namanya merupakan hasil berpikir yang<br />mungkin saja akan mengalami perkembangan di masa mendatang. Hal<br />itu berkenaan dengan beberapa kendala intuitif dan kasus semantik<br />makna kata-kata tersebut.<br />Kajian ini belum sampai pada sebab sosiologis dan antropologis<br />yang melatarbelakani muncuinya permasalahan, karena beberapa hal.<br />Pertama,permasalahan tersebut lebih tepat dikaji melalui etimologi kata.<br />Kedua, kemungkinan jawaban melalui studi linguistik tidak<br />menjangkau, Ketiga, penulis tidak memiliki kemampuan menguak<br />sebab-sebab tersebut.<br />DAFTAR PUSTAKA<br />Allan, K.. 1986.Linguistic Meaning. London: Routledge&Kegan Paul.<br />Eddy, N.T.. 1989. Unsur Serapan Bahasa Asing dalam Bahasa<br />Indonesia. Flores: PenerbitNusa Indah.<br />Chaer,A. 1994.Linguistik Umum.Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.<br />. 1995.Pengantar Semantik BahasaIndonesia. Jakarta: Rineka<br />Cipta.<br />Ma'nawi, A. 1997. Pembentukan Verba dan Nomina dalam Bahasa<br />Indonesia : Kajian Morfologis Unsur Pinjaman Bahasa<br />Perbedaan Makna Kata-kata Bahasa Indonesia (Tadkhiroatun M.)<br />56<br />Indonesia. Yogyakarta : Tesis. Universitas Gadjah Mada. Tidak<br />diterbitkan.<br />Munawwir, A.W. 1997. AI-Munawwir : Kamus Arab-Indonesia.<br />Yogyakarta: PusakaProgressif.<br />Pateda,M. 1986.SemantikLeksikal. Ende Flores: Nusa Indah.<br />Poerwadanninta,W.J.S. 1986.Kamus UmumBahasa Indonesia. Jakarta<br />: Balai Pustaka.<br />Sudarno. 1992.Kata Serapan dari Bahasa Arab. Jakarta: Arikha Media<br />Cipta.<br />Sudaryanto. 1993. Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis Bahasa :<br />Pengantar Penelitian WahanaKebudayaan secara Linguistik.<br />Yogyakarta : Duta WacanaUniversity Press.<br />Suparno. 1994.Logat. Semarang :CVSuryaAngkasa<br />DIKSI Vol.H, No.1, Januari 2004</div>محز اليسرىhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01762372864007331110noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4598517765937227982.post-83260342906480217592012-04-23T03:22:00.001-07:002012-04-23T03:22:52.267-07:00INTERFERENSI DAN INTEGRASI BAHASA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">INTERFERENSI
DAN INTEGRASI BAHASA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oleh: muhzil.zusro</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Pendahuluan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa selalu mengalami perkembangan
dan perubahan. Perkembangan dan perubahan itu terjadi karena adanya perubahan
sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya. Perkembangan bahasa yang cukup pesat terjadi pada
bidang ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Kontak pada bidang politik, ekonomi,
ilmu pengetahuan, dan lainnya dapat menyebabkan suatu bahasa terpengaruh oleh
bahasa yang lain. Proses saling mempengaruhi antara bahasa yang satu dengan
bahasa yang lain tidak dapat dihindarkan. Bahasa sebagai bagian integral
kebudayaan tidak dapat lepas dari masalah di atas. Saling mempengaruhi
antarbahasa pasti terjadi, misalnya kosakata bahasa yang bersangkutan,
mengingat kosakata itu memiliki sifat terbuka. Menurut Weinrich (dalam Chaer
dan Agustina 1995:159) kontak bahasa merupakan peristiwa pemakaian dua bahasa
oleh penutur yang sama secara bergantian. Dari kontak bahasa itu terjadi
transfer atau pemindahan unsur bahasa yang satu ke dalam bahasa yang lain yang
mencakup semua tataran. Sebagai konsekuensinya, proses pinjam meminjam dan
saling mempengaruhi terhadap unsur bahasa yang lain tidak dapat dihindari.
Suwito (1985:39-40) mengatakan bahwa apabila dua bahasa atau lebih digunakan
secara bergantian oleh penutur yang sama, dapat dikatakan bahwa bahasa tesebut
dalam keadaan saling kontak. Dalam setiap kontak bahasa terjadi proses saling
mempengaruhi antara bahasa satu dengan bahasa yang lain. Sebagai akibatnya,
interferensi akan muncul, baik secara lisan maupun tertulis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanya kedwibahasaan juga akan
menimbulkan adanya interferensi dan integrasi bahasa. Interferensi bahasa yaitu
penyimpangan norma kebahasaan yang terjadi dalam ujaran dwibahasawan karena
keakrabannya terhadap lebih dari satu bahasa, yang disebabkan karena adanya
kontak bahasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain kontak bahasa, faktor
penyebab timbulnya interferensi menurut Weinrich (dalam Sukardi 1999:4) adalah
tidak cukupnya kosakata suatu bahasa dalam menghadapi kemajuan dan pembaharuan.
Selain itu, juga menghilangnya kata-kata yang jarang digunakan, kebutuhan akan
sinonim, dan prestise bahasa sumber. Kedwibahasaan peserta tutur dan tipisnya
kesetiaan terhadap bahasa penerima juga merupakan faktor penyebab terjadinya
interferensi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Interferensi dan Integrasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1 Interferensi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alwasilah (1985:131) mengetengahkan
pengertian interferensi berdasarkan rumusan Hartman dan Stonk bahwa
interferensi merupakan kekeliruan yang disebabkan oleh adanya kecenderungan
membiasakan pengucapan (ujaran) suatu bahasa terhadap bahasa lain mencakup
pengucapan satuan bunyi, tata bahasa, dan kosakata. Sementara itu, Jendra
(1991:109) mengemukakan bahwa interferensi meliputi berbagai aspek kebahasaan,
bisa menyerap dalam bidang tata bunyi (fonologi), tata bentukan kata
(morfologi), tata kalimat (sintaksis), kosakata (leksikon), dan tata makna
(semantik) (Suwito,1985:55).<b> </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interferensi, menurut Nababan
(1984), merupakan kekeliruan yang terjadi sebagai akibat terbawanya
kebiasaan-kebiasaan ujaran bahasa ibu atau dialek ke dalam bahasa atau dialek
kedua. Senada dengan itu, Chaer dan Agustina (1995: 168) mengemukakan bahwa
interferensi adalah peristiwa penyimpangan norma dari salah satu bahasa atau
lebih.<b> </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk memantapkan pemahaman mengenai
pengertian interferensi, berikut ini akan diketengahkan pokok-pokok pikiran
para ahli dibidang sisiolinguistik yang telah mendefinisikan peristiwa ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut pendapat Chaer (1998:159)
interferensi pertama kali digunakan oleh Weinrich untuk menyebut adanya
perubahan sistem suatu bahasa sehubungan dengan adanya persentuhan bahasa
tersebut dengan unsur-unsur bahasa lain yang dilakukan oleh penutur yang
bilingual. Interferensi mengacu pada adanya penyimpangan dalam menggunakan
suatu bahasa dengan memasukkan sistem bahasa lain. Serpihan-serpihan klausa
dari bahasa lain dalam suatu kalimat bahasa lain juga dapat dianggap sebagai
peristiwa interferensi. Sedangkan, menurut Hartman dan Stonk dalam Chair
(1998:160) interferensi terjadi sebagai akibat terbawanya kebiasaan-kebiasaan
ujaran bahasa ibu atau dialek ke dalam bahasa atau dialek kedua.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Abdulhayi (1985:8) mengacu pada pendapat
Valdman (1966) merumuskan bahwa interferensi merupakan hambatan sebagai akibat
adanya kebiasaan pemakai bahasa ibu (bahasa pertama) dalam penguasaan bahasa
yang dipelajari (bahasa kedua). Sebagai konsekuensinya, terjadi transfer atau
pemindahan unsur negatif dari bahasa ibu ke dalam bahasa sasaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendapat lain mengenai interferensi
dikemukakan oleh Alwasilah (1985:131) mengetengahkan pengertian interferensi
berdasarkan rumusan Hartman dan Stonk, bahwa interferensi merupakan kekeliruan
yang disebabkan oleh adanya kecenderungan membiasakan pengucapan (ujaran) suatu
bahasa terhadap bahasa lain mencakupi pengucapan satuan bunyi, tata bahasa dan
kosakata. Suhendra Yusuf (1994:67) menyatakan bahwa faktor utama yang dapat
menyebabkan interferensi antara lain perbedaan antara bahasa sumber dan bahasa
sasaran. Perbedaan itu tidak hanya dalam struktur bahasa melainkan juga
keragaman kosakata.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian lain dikemukakan oleh
Jendra (1995:187) menyatakan bahwa interferensi sebagai gejala penyusupan
sistem suatu bahasa ke dalam bahasa lain. Interferensi timbul karena
dwibahasawan menerapkan sistem satuan bunyi (fonem) bahasa pertama ke dalam
sistem bunyi bahasa kedua sehingga mengakibatkan terjadinya gangguan atau
penyimpangan pada sistem fonemik bahasa penerima.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interferensi merupakan gejala
perubahan terbesar, terpenting dan paling dominan dalam perkembangan bahasa.
Dalam bahasa besar, yang kaya akan kosakata seperti bahasa Inggris dan Arab
pun, dalam perkembangannnya tidak dapat terlepas dari interferensi, terutama
untuk kosakata yang berkenaan dengan budaya dan alam lingkungan bahasa donor.
Gejala interferensi dari bahasa yang satu kepada bahasa yang lain sulit
untuk dihindari. Terjadinya gejala interferensi juga tidak lepas dari perilaku
penutur bahasa penerima.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Bawa (1981: 8), ada tiga
ciri pokok perilaku atau sikap bahasa. Ketiga ciri pokok sikap bahasa itu
adalah (1) <i>language loyality,</i> yaitu sikap loyalitas/ kesetiaan terhadap
bahasa, (2) <i>language pride,</i> yaitu sikap kebanggaan terhadap bahasa, dan
(3) <i>awareness of the norm,</i> yaitu sikap sadar adanya norma bahasa. Jika
wawasan terhadap ketiga ciri pokok atau sikap bahasa itu kurang sempurna
dimiliki seseorang, berarti penutur bahasa itu bersikap kurang positif terhadap
keberadaan bahasanya. Kecenderungan itu dapat dipandang sebagai latar belakang
munculnya interferensi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari segi kemurnian bahasa,
interferensi pada tingkat apa pun (fonologi, morfologi dan sintaksis) merupakan
penyakit yang merusak bahasa, jadi perlu dihindari (Chaer dan Agustina (1998: 165)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jendra (1991:105) menyatakan bahwa
dalam interferensi terdapat tiga unsur pokok, yaitu bahasa sumber atau bahasa
donor, yaitu bahasa yang menyusup unsur-unsurnya atau sistemnya ke dalam bahasa
lain; bahasa penerima atau bahasa resipien, yaitu bahasa yang menerima atau
yang disisipi oleh bahasa sumber; dan adanya unsur bahasa yang terserap
(importasi) atau unsur serapan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam komunikasi bahasa yang menjadi
sumber serapan pada saat tertentu akan beralih peran menjadi bahasa penerima
pada saat yang lain, dan sebaliknya. Begitu juga dengan bahasa penerima dapat
berperan sebagai bahasa sumber. Dengan demikian interferensi dapat terjadi
secara timbal balik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bertolak dari pendapat para ahli
mengenai pengertian interferensi di atas, dapat disimpulkan bahwa.</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kontak bahasa menimbulkan gejala interferensi
dalam tuturan dwibahasawan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">interferensi merupakan gejala penyusupan sistem suatu
bahasa ke dalam bahasa lain</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">unsur bahasa yang menyusup ke dalam struktur bahasa
yang lain dapat menimbulkan dampak negatif, dan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">interferensi merupakan gejala ujaran yang bersifat
perseorangan, dan ruang geraknya dianggap sempit yang terjadi sebagai
gejala <i>parole </i>(<i>speech</i>).</span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interferensi berbeda dengan
integrasi. Integrasi adalah unsur-unsur bahasa lain yang digunakan dalam bahasa
tertentu dan dianggap sudah menjadi bagian dari bahasa tersebut, serta tidak
dianggap sebagai unsur pinjaman atau pungutan (Chaer dan Agustina 1995:168).
Senada dengan itu, Jendra (1991:115) menyatakan bahwa dalam proses integrasi
unsur serapan itu telah disesuaikan dengan sistem atau kaidah bahasa
penyerapnya, sehingga tidak terasa lagi sifat keasingannya. Dalam hal ini, jika
suatu unsur serapan (interferensi) sudah dicantumkan dalam kamus bahasa
penerima, dapat dikatakan bahwa unsur itu sudah terintegrasi. Jika unsur
tersebut belum tercantum dalam kamus bahasa penerima, berarti bahasa tersebut
belum terintegrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suwito (1983:54), seperti halnya
Jendra juga memandang bahwa interferensi pada umumnya dianggap sebagai gejala
tutur (speech, parole), hanya terjadi pada dwibahasawan dan peristiwanya
dianggap sebagai penyimpangan. Interferensi dianggap sebagai sesuatu yang tidak
perlu terjadi karena unsur-unsur serapan yang sebenarnya telah ada padanannya
dalam bahasa penyerap, sehingga cepat atau lambat sesuai dengan perkembangan
bahasa penyerap, diharapkan makin berkurang atau sampai batas yang paling
minim.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interferensi merupakan gejala
perubahan terbesar, terpenting dan paling dominan dalam bahasa (Hockett dalam
Suwito, 1983:54). Dari pendapat hockett tersebut perlu dicermati bahwa gejala
kebahasaan ini perlu mendapatkan perhatian besar. Hal ini disebabkan
interferensi dapat terjadi di semua komponen kebahasaan, mulai bidang
tatabunyi, tatabentuk, tatakalimat, tatakata, dan tatamakna Berdasarkan hal
tersebut dapat dijelaskan bahwa dalam proses interferensi ada tiga hal yang
mengambil peranan, yaitu:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bahasa sumber atau bahasa donor</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bahasa penyerap atau resipien</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">unsur serapan atau importasi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interferensi dalam bidang fonologi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh : jika penutur bahasa Jawa
mengucapkan kata-kata berupa nama tempat yang berawal bunyi /b/, /d/, /g/, dan
/j/, misalnya pada kata Bandung, Deli, Gombong, dan Jambi. Seringkali orang
Jawa mengucapkannya dengan /mBandung/, /nDeli/,/nJambi/, dan /nGgombong/.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interferensi dalam bidang morfologi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interferensi morfologi dipandang
oleh para ahli bahasa sebagai interferensi yang paling banyak
terjadi.Interferensi ini terjadi dalam pembentuka kata dengan menyerap
afiks-afiks bahasa lain. Misalnya kalau sering kali kita mendengar ada kata
kepukul, ketabrak, kebesaran, kekecilan, kemahalan, sungguhan, bubaran, duaan.
Bentuk-bentuk tersebut dikatakan sebagai bentuk interferensi karena
bentuk-bentuk tersebut sebenarnya ada bentuk yang benar, yaitu terpukul,
tertabrak, terlalu besar, terlalu kecil, terlalu mahal, kesungguhan, berpisah
(bubar), dan berdua.Berdasarkan data-data di atas jelas bahwa proses
pembentukan kata yang disebut interferensi morfologi tersebut mempunyai bentuk
dasar berupa kosa kata bahasa Indonesia dengan afiks-sfiks dari bahasa daerah atau
bahasa asing.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interferensi dalam bentuk kalimat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interferensi dalam bidang ini jarang
terjadi. Hal ini memang perlu dihindari karena pola struktur merupakan ciri
utama kemandirian sesuatu bahasa. Misalnya, Rumahnya ayahnya Ali yang besar
sendiri di kampung itu, atau Makanan itu telah dimakan oleh saya, atau Hal itu
saya telah katakan kepadamu kemarin. Bentuk tersebut merupakan bentuk
interferensi karena sebenarnya ada padanan bentuk tersebut yang dianggap lebih
gramatikal yaitu: Rumah ayah Ali yang besar di kampung ini, Makanan itu telah
saya makan, dan Hal itu telah saya katakan kepadamu kemarin.Terjadinya
penyimpangan tersebut disebabkan karena ada padanan konteks dari bahasa donor,
misalnya: Omahe bapake Ali sing gedhe dhewe ing kampung iku, dan seterusnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interferensi Semantik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berdasarkan bahasa resipien
(penyerap) interferensi semantis dapat dibedakan menjadi,</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="text-align: justify;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika interferensi terjadi karena bahasa resipien
menyerap konsep kultural beserta namanya dari bahasa lain, yang disebut
sebagai perluasan (ekspansif). Contohnya kata demokrasi, politik, revolusi
yang berasal dari bahasa Yunani-Latin.<b> </b></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang perlu mendapat perhatian, interferensi harus
dibedakan dengan alih kode dan campur kode. Alih kode menurut Chaer dan
Agustina (1995:158) adalah peristiwa penggantian bahasa atau ragam bahasa
oleh seorang penutur karena adanya sebab-sebab tertentu, dan dilakukan
dengan sengaja. Sementara itu, campur kode adalah pemakaian dua bahasa
atau lebih dengan saling memasukkan unsur bahasa yang satu ke dalam
bahasa yang lain secara konsisten. Interferensi merupakan topik dalam
sosiolinguistik yang terjadi sebagai akibat pemakaian dua bahasa atau
lebih secara bergantian oleh seorang dwibahasawan, yaitu penutur yang
mengenal lebih dari satu bahasa. Penyebab terjadinya
interferensi adalah kemampuan penutur dalam menggunakan bahasa tertentu
sehingga dipengaruhi oleh bahasa lain (Chaer,1995:158). Biasanya
interferensi terjadi dalam penggunaan bahasa kedua, dan yang
menginterferensi adalah bahasa pertama atau bahasa ibu</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.1 Jenis Interferensi </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interferensi merupakan gejala umum
dalam sisiolinguistik yang terjadi sebagai akibat dari kontak bahasa, yaitu
penggunaan dua bahasa atau lebih dalam masyarakat tutur yang multilingual. Hal
ini merupakan suatu masalah yang menarik perhatian para ahli bahasa. Mereka
memberikan pengamatan dari sudut pandang yang berbeda beda. Dari pengamatan
para ahli tersebut timbul bermacam-macam interferensi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara umum, Ardiana (1940:14)
membagi interferensi menjadi lima macam, yaitu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(1) Interferensi
kultural dapat tercermin melalui bahasa yang digunakan oleh dwibahasawan. Dalam
tuturan dwibahasawan tersebut muncul unsur-unsur asing sebagai akibat usaha
penutur untuk menyatakan fenomena atau pengalaman baru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2) Interferensi
semantik adalah interferensi yang terjadi dalam penggunaan kata yang mempunyai
variabel dalam suatu bahasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(3) Interferensi
leksikal, harus dibedakan dengan kata pinjaman. Kata pinjaman atau integrasi
telah menyatu dengan bahasa kedua, sedangkan interferensi belum dapat diterima
sebagai bagian bahasa kedua. Masuknya unsur leksikal bahasa pertama atau bahasa
asing ke dalam bahasa kedua itu bersifat mengganggu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(4) Interferensi
fonologis mencakup intonasi, irama penjedaan dan artikulasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(5) Interferensi
gramatikal meliputi interferensi morfologis, fraseologis dan sintaksis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interferensi menurut Jendra
(1991:106-114) dapat dilihat dari berbagai sudut sehingga akan menimbulkan
berbagai macam interferensi antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(1) Interferensi
ditinjau dari asal unsur serapan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kontak bahasa bisa
terjadi antara bahasa yang masih dalam satu kerabat maupun bahasa yang
tidak satu kerabat. Interferensi antarbahasa sekeluarga disebut dengan
penyusupan sekeluarga (<i>internal interference</i>) misalnya interferensi
bahasa Indonesia dengan bahasa Jawa. Sedangkan interferensi antarbahasa yang
tidak sekeluarga disebut penyusupan bukan sekeluarga (<i>external interference)</i>
misalnya bahasa interferensi bahasa Inggris dengan bahasa Indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2) Interferensi
ditinjau dari arah unsur serapan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komponen interferensi terdiri atas
tiga unsur yaitu bahasa sumber, bahasa penyerap, dan bahasa penerima. Setiap
bahasa akan sangat mungkin untuk menjadi bahasa sumber maupun bahasa
penerima. Interferensi yang timbal balik seperti itu kita sebut dengan
interferensi produktif. Di samping itu, ada pula bahasa yang hanya berkedudukan
sebagai bahasa sumber terhadap bahasa lain atau interferensi sepihak.
Interferensi yang seperti ini disebut interferensi reseptif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(3) Interferensi
ditinjau dari segi pelaku</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interferensi ditinjau dari segi
pelakunya bersifat perorangan dan dianggap sebagai gejala penyimpangan dalam
kehidupan bahasa karena unsur serapan itu sesungguhnya telah ada dalam
bahasa penerima. Interferensi produktif atau reseptif pada pelaku bahasa perorangan
disebut interferensi perlakuan atau <i>performance interference.</i>
Interferensi perlakuan pada awal orang belajar bahasa asing disebut
interferensi perkembangan atau interferensi belajar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(4) Interferensi
ditinjau dari segi bidang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaruh interferensi terhadap
bahasa penarima bisa merasuk ke dalam secara intensif dan bisa pula hanya di
permukaan yang tidak menyebabkan sistem bahasa penerima terpengaruh. Bila
interferensi itu sampai menimbulkan perubahan dalan sistem bahasa penerima
disebut interferensi sistemik. Interferensi dapat terjadi pada berbagai aspek
kebahasaan antara lain, pada sistem tata bunyi (fonologi), tata bentukan kata
(morfologi), tata kalimat (sintaksis), kosakata (leksikon), dan bisa pula
menyusup pada bidang tata makna (semantik).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dennes dkk. (1994:17) yang mengacu
pada pendapat Weinrich mengidentifikasi interferensi atas empat, yang
masing-masing dijelaskan sebagai berikut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(1) Peminjaman
unsur suatu bahasa ke dalam tuturan bahasa lain dan dalam peminjaman itu ada
aspek tertentu yang ditransfer. Hubungan antar bahasa yang unsur-unsurnya
dipinjam disebut bahasa sumber, sedangkan bahasa penerima disebut bahasa
peminjam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2) Penggantian
unsur suatu bahasa dengan padanannya ke dalam suatu tuturan bahasa yang lain.
Dalam penggantian itu ada aspek dari suatu bahasa disalin ke dalam bahasa lain
yang disebut substitusi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(3) Penerapan
hubungan ketatabahasaan bahasa A ke dalam morfem bahasa B juga dalam kaitan
tuturan bahasa B., atau pengingkaran hubungan ketatabahasaan bahasa B yang tidak
ada modelnya dalam bahasa A.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(4) Perubahan
fungsi morfem melalui jati diri antara suatu morfem bahasa B tertentu dengan
morfem bahasa A tertentu, yang menimbulkan perubahan fungsi morfem bahasa B
berdasarkan satu model tata bahasa A</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Chair interferensi terdiri
atas dua macam, yaitu (1) interferensi reseptif, yakni berupa penggunaan bahasa
B dengan diresapi unsur-unsur bahasa A, dan (2) interferensi produktif, yakni
wujudnya berupa penggunaan bahasa A tetapi dengan unsur bahasa B.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jendra (1991:108) membedakan
interferensi menjadi lima aspek kebahasaan, antara lain</span></div>
<ol start="1" style="text-align: justify;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">interferensi pada bidang sistem tata bunyi (fonologi)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">interferensi pada tata bentukan kata (morfologi)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">interferensi pada tata kalimat (sintaksis)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">interferensi pada kosakata (leksikon)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">interferensi pada bidang tata makna (semantik)</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Jendra (1991:113)
interferensi pada bidang semantik masih dapat dibedakan lagi menjadi tiga
bagian, yakni</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(1) Interferensi
semantik perluasan (<i>semantic expansive interference).</i> Istilah ini
dipakai apabila terjadi peminjaman konsep budaya dan juga nama unsur bahasa
sumber.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2) Interferensi
semantik penambahan (<i>semantic aditif interference</i>). Interferensi ini
terjadi apabila muncul bentuk baru berdampingan dengan bentuk lama, tetapi
bentuk baru bergeser dari makna semula.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(3) Interferensi
semantik penggantian (<i>replasive semantic interference</i>). Interferensi ini
terjadi apabila muncul makna konsep baru sebagai pengganti konsep lama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yusuf (1994:71) membagi peristiwa
interferensi menjadi empat jenis, yaitu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(1) Interferensi
Bunyi (<i>phonic interference)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interferensi ini terjadi karena
pemakaian bunyi satu bahasa ke dalam bahasa yang lain dalam tuturan
dwibahasawan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2) Interferensi
tata bahasa (<i>grammatical interference)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interferensi ini terjadi apabila
dwibahasawan mengidentifikasi morfem atau tata bahasa pertama kemudian
menggunakannya dalam bahasa keduanya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(3) Interferensi
kosakata (<i>lexical interference)</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interferensi ini bisa terjadi
dalam berbagai bentuk, misalnya terjadi pada kata dasar, tingkat kelompok kata
maupun frasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(4) Interferensi
tata makna (<i>semantic interference</i>)<i> </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interferensi ini terbagi menjadi
tiga bagian, yaitu (a) interferensi perluasan makna, (b) interferensi
penambahan makna, dan (c) interferensi penggantian makna.<i> </i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Huda (1981: 17) yang mengacu pada
pendapat Weinrich mengidentifikasi interferensi atas empat macam, yaitu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(1) mentransfer
unsur suatu bahasa ke dalam bahasa yang lain,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2) adanya
perubahan fungsi dan kategori yang disebabkan oleh adanya pemindahan,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(3) penerapan
unsur-unsur bahasa kedua yang berbeda dengan bahasa pertama,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(4) kurang
diperhatikannya struktur bahasa kedua mengingat tidak ada equivalensi dalam
bahasa pertama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.2 Faktor Penyebab Terjadinya
Interferensi </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain kontak bahasa, menurut
Weinrich (1970:64-65) ada beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya
interferensi, antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(1) Kedwibahasaan peserta tutur</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kedwibahasaan peserta tutur
merupakan pangkal terjadinya interferensi dan berbagai pengaruh lain dari
bahasa sumber, baik dari bahasa daerah maupun bahasa asing. Hal itu disebabkan
terjadinya kontak bahasa dalam diri penutur yang dwibahasawan, yang pada
akhirnya dapat menimbulkan interferensi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2) Tipisnya kesetiaan pemakai
bahasa penerima</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tipisnya kesetiaan dwibahasawan
terhadap bahasa penerima cenderung akan menimbulkan sikap kurang positif. Hal
itu menyebabkan pengabaian kaidah bahasa penerima yang digunakan dan
pengambilan unsur-unsur bahasa sumber yang dikuasai penutur secara tidak
terkontrol. Sebagai akibatnya akan muncul bentuk interferensi dalam bahasa
penerima yang sedang digunakan oleh penutur, baik secara lisan maupun tertulis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)
Tidak cukupnya kosakata bahasa penerima</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perbendaharaan kata suatu bahasa
pada umumnya hanya terbatas pada pengungkapan berbagai segi kehidupan yang
terdapat di dalam masyarakat yang bersangkutan, serta segi kehidupan lain yang
dikenalnya. Oleh karena itu, jika masyarakat itu bergaul dengan segi kehidupan
baru dari luar, akan bertemu dan mengenal konsep baru yang dipandang perlu. Karena
mereka belum mempunyai kosakata untuk mengungkapkan konsep baru tersebut, lalu
mereka menggunakan kosakata bahasa sumber untuk mengungkapkannya, secara
sengaja pemakai bahasa akan menyerap atau meminjam kosakata bahasa sumber untuk
mengungkapkan konsep baru tersebut. Faktor ketidak cukupan atau terbatasnya
kosakata bahasa penerima untuk mengungkapkan suatu konsep baru dalam bahasa
sumber, cenderung akan menimbulkan terjadinya interferensi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interferensi yang timbul karena
kebutuhan kosakata baru, cenderung dilakukan secara sengaja oleh pemakai
bahasa. Kosakata baru yang diperoleh dari interferensi ini cenderung akan lebih
cepat terintegrasi karena unsur tersebut memang sangat diperlukan untuk
memperkaya perbendaharaan kata bahasa penerima.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4) Menghilangnya kata-kata yang
jarang digunakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kosakata dalam suatu bahasa yang
jarang dipergunakan cenderung akan menghilang. Jika hal ini terjadi, berarti
kosakata bahasa yang bersangkutan akan menjadi kian menipis. Apabila bahasa
tersebut dihadapkan pada konsep baru dari luar, di satu pihak akan memanfaatkan
kembali kosakata yang sudah menghilang dan di lain pihak akan menyebabkan
terjadinya interferensi, yaitu penyerapan atau peminjaman kosakata baru dari
bahasa sumber.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interferensi yang disebabkan oleh
menghilangnya kosakata yang jarang dipergunakan tersebut akan berakibat seperti
interferensi yang disebabkan tidak cukupnya kosakata bahasa penerima, yaitu
unsur serapan atau unsur pinjaman itu akan lebih cepat diintegrasikan karena
unsur tersebut dibutuhkan dalam bahasa penerima.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5) Kebutuhan akan sinonim</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sinonim dalam pemakaian bahasa
mempunyai fungsi yang cukup penting, yakni sebagai variasi dalam pemilihan kata
untuk menghindari pemakaian kata yang sama secara berulang-ulang yang bisa
mengakibatkan kejenuhan. Dengan adanya kata yang bersinonim, pemakai bahasa
dapat mempunyai variasi kosakata yang dipergunakan untuk menghindari pemakaian
kata secara berulang-ulang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena adanya sinonim ini cukup
penting, pemakai bahasa sering melakukan interferensi dalam bentuk penyerapan
atau peminjaman kosakata baru dari bahasa sumber untuk memberikan sinonim pada
bahasa penerima. Dengan demikian, kebutuhan kosakata yang bersinonim dapat
mendorong timbulnya interferensi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6) Prestise bahasa
sumber dan gaya bahasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prestise bahasa sumber dapat
mendorong timbulnya interferensi, karena pemakai bahasa ingin menunjukkan bahwa
dirinya dapat menguasai bahasa yang dianggap berprestise tersebut.
Prestise bahasa sumber dapat juga berkaitan dengan keinginan pemakai bahasa
untuk bergaya dalam berbahasa. Interferensi yang timbul karena faktor itu
biasanya berupa pamakaian unsur-unsur bahasa sumber pada bahasa penerima yang
dipergunakan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7). Terbawanya kebiasaan dalam
bahasa ibu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terbawanya kebiasaan dalam bahasa
ibu pada bahasa penerima yang sedang digunakan, pada umumnya terjadi karena
kurangnya kontrol bahasa dan kurangnya penguasaan terhadap bahasa penerima. Hal
ini dapat terjadi pada dwibahasawan yang sedang belajar bahasa kedua,
baik bahasa nasional maupun bahasa asing. Dalam penggunaan bahasa kedua,
pemakai bahasa kadang-kadang kurang kontrol. Karena kedwibahasaan mereka itulah
kadang-kadang pada saat berbicara atau menulis dengan menggunakan bahasa kedua
yang muncul adalah kosakata bahasa ibu yang sudah lebih dulu dikenal dan
dikuasainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2 Integrasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Integrasi adalah penggunaan unsur
bahasa lain secara sistematis seolah-olah merupakan bagian dari suatu bahasa
tanpa disadari oleh pemakainya (Kridalaksana: 1993:84). Salah satu proses
integrasi adalah peminjaman kata dari satu bahasa ke dalam bahasa lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oleh sebagian sosiolinguis, masalah
integrasi merupakan masalah yang sulit dibedakan dari interferensi. Chair dan
Agustina (1995:168) mengacu pada pendapat Mackey, menyatakan bahwa
integrasi adalah unsur-unsur bahasa lain yang digunakan dalam bahasa tertentu
dan dianggap sudah menjadi bagian dari bahasa tersebut. Tidak dianggap lagi
sebagai unsur pinjaman atau pungutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mackey dalam Mustakim (1994:13)
mengungkapkan bahwa masalah interferensi adalah nisbi, tetapi kenisbiannya itu
dapat diukur. Menurutnya, interferensi dapat ditetapkan berdasarkan penemuan
adanya integrasi, yang juga bersifat nisbi. Dalam hal ini, kenisbian integrasi
itu dapat diketahui dari suatu bentuk leksikal. Misalnya, sejumlah orang
menganggap bahwa bentuk leksikal tertentu sudah terintegrasi, tetapi sejumlah
orang yang lain menganggap belum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Senada dengan itu, Weinrich
(1970:11) mengemukakan bahwa jika suatu unsur interferensi terjadi secara
berulang-ulang dalam tuturan seseorang atau sekelompok orang sehingga semakin lama
unsur itu semakin diterima sebagai bagian dari sistem bahasa mereka, maka
terjadilah integrasi. Dari pengertian ini dapat diartikan bahwa interferensi
masih dalam proses, sedangkan integrasi sudah menetap dan diakui sebagai bagian
dari bahasa penerima.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut,
ukuran yang digunakan untuk menentukan keintegrasian suatu unsur serapan adalah
kamus. Dalam hal ini, jika suatu unsur serapan atau interferensi sudah
dicantumkan dalam kamus bahasa penerima, dapat dikatakan unsur itu sudah
terintegrasi. Sebaliknya, jika unsur tersebut belum tercantum dalam kamus
bahasa penerima unsur itu belum terintegrasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam proses integrasi unsur serapan
itu telah disesuaikan dengan sistem atau kaidah bahasa penyerapnya, sehingga
tidak terasa lagi keasingannya. Penyesuaian bentuk unsur integrasi itu tidak
selamanya terjadi begitu cepat, bisa saja berlangsung agak lama. Proses
penyesuaian unsur integrasi akan lebih cepat apabila bahasa sumber dengan
bahasa penyerapnya memiliki banyak persamaan dibandingkan unsur serapan yang
berasal dari bahasa sumber yang sangat berbeda sistem dan kaidah-kaidahnya.
Cepat lambatnya unsur serapan itu menyesuaikan diri terikat pula pada segi
kadar kebutuhan bahasa penyerapnya. Sikap penutur bahasa penyerap merupakan
faktor kunci dalam kaitan penyesuaian bentuk serapan itu. Jangka waktu
penyesuaian unsur integrasi tergantung pada tiga faktor antara lain (1)
perbedaan dan persamaan sistem bahasa sumber dengan bahasa penyerapnya, (2)
unsur serapan itu sendiri, apakah sangat dibutuhkan atau hanya sekedarnya
sebagai pelengkap, dan (3) sikap bahasa pada penutur bahasa penyerapnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Penutup</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meskipun berbeda, antara
interferensi dan integrasi sebenarnya memiliki sisi yang sama, yaitu bahwa
keduanya merupakan gejala bahasa yang terjadi sebagai akibat adanya kontak
bahasa. Integrasi dan interferensi memiliki persamaan -persamaan antara lain
bahwa baik gejala interferensi maupun integrasi bisa terjadi pada keempat
tataran kebahasaan yaitu fonologi, gramatika, kosakata dan semantik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar Pustaka</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alwasilah, A Chaedar. 1985. <i>Beberapa
Madhab dan dikotomi Teori Linguistik.</i> Bandung: Angkasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ardiana, Leo Idra. 1990. <i>Analisis
kesalahan Berbahasa.</i> FPBS IKIP Surabaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bawa, I Wayan. 1981. “Pemakaian
Bahasa Indonesia yang Baik dan Benar”. Denpasar: Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra
Indonesia Fakultas Sastra Universitas Udayana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chaer, Abdul. 1994. <i>Linguistik
Umum.</i> Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chaer, Abdul dan Leoni Agustina.
1995. <i>Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal</i>. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Huda, Nuril dkk. 1981. <i>Interferensi
Bahasa Madura Terhadap Bahasa Indonesia Tulis Murid Sekolah Dasar Jawa Timur.</i>
Jakarta. Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hayi, Abdul dkk. 1985. <i>Interferensi
Gramatika Bahasa Indonesia dalam Bahasa Jawa. </i>Jakarta. Pusat Pembinaan dan
Pengembangan Bahasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jendra. I Wayan. 1991. <i>Dasar-Dasar
Sosiolinguistik. </i>Denpasar: Ikayana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kridalaksana, Harimurti.1998. <i>Introduction
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nababan. P.W.J. 1984. <i>Sosiolingustik.</i>
Jakarta: Gramedia.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suwito. 1985. <i>Pengantar Awal
Sosiolinguistik: Teori dan Problema.</i> Surakarta: Henary Cipta.</span></div>محز اليسرىhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01762372864007331110noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4598517765937227982.post-71016863320665244712012-04-23T01:59:00.000-07:002012-04-23T01:59:51.704-07:00أنواع السبورات واللوحات<!--[if !mso]>
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<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "MCS Shafa S_U normal\."; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">أنواع السبورات واللوحات</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "MCS Alhada S_U normal."; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "MCS Shafa S_U normal\."; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">مقالة</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ينظم لقضاء الوضيفة</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">المادة: وسائل التعليم اللغة العربية</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">المحاضر: عبد المطلب., الماجيستر </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "MCS Shafa S_U normal\."; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">المراتب:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "MCS Shafa S_U normal\."; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">خير الخلق</span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "MCS Shafa S_U normal\.";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "MCS Shafa S_U normal\."; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">محمد مخزل يشرى</span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "MCS Shafa S_U normal\.";"></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "MCS Shafa S_U normal\."; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">فلاح النعم</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "MCS Shafa S_U normal\."; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: 109295</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "MCS Shafa S_U normal\."; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">: 109296</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "MCS Shafa S_U normal\."; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">:109295</span></div>
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<span style="height: 7px; left: 72px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 2px; position: absolute; top: 402px; width: 531px; z-index: 251660288;"><img height="7" src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/iusstia/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="531" /></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="AR-OM" style="font-family: "MCS Farisy S_U normal\."; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-OM;">قسم تعليم اللغة العربية بكلية
التربية</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="AR-OM" style="font-family: "MCS Farisy S_U normal\."; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-OM;">جامعة الإسلامية الحكومية</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="AR-OM" style="font-family: "MCS Farisy S_U normal\."; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-OM;">قدس </span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="AR-OM" style="font-family: "MCS Farisy S_U normal\."; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-OM;">2011</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "MCS Shafa S_U normal\."; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">أنواع السبورات واللوحات</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "MCS Farisy S_U normal\."; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">المقدمة</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MCS Farisy S_U normal\.";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="color: #555555; font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">إن السبورة لفظ يستخدم في كل ما يكتب عليه كالسبورة الطباشيرية .
أمالفظ اللوحة فهو يطلق على كل سطح يعلق عليه كلوحة الجيوب فالمعلم يقوم
بتعليقالبطاقات على اللوحة . بينما هناك أسطح نستطيع تسميتها سبورة وفي نفس الوقت
لوحةكالسبورة الطباشيرية فمن الممكن أن نسميها لوحة لأن المعلم قد يعلق مثلاً
خريطةجغرافية</span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">المسألة</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">كم
أنواع اللوحات والسبورات؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ما
الفائدات من اللوحات والسبورات؟</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">المباحثة</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">أ.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">أنواع اللوحات</span></b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">اللوحة
الوبرية: تصنع اللوحة من لوح من خشب الأبلكاش أو الورق المقوّى السميك ( 90سم </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">×</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">110سم)
تقريبا.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">اللوحة
المغناطيسية: هي عبارة عن لوح معدنيّ يستخدم في عروض الصور والبطاقة الومضية,
والأشكال المقصوصة من الورق المقوى أو من صور المجلات.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">اللوحات
الفلّينية من لوحات العرض المعروفة, تماثل في مساحتها اللوحة الوبرية (90سم </span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">×</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">110سم)
تقريبا. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">اللوحة
الجيوب</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"></span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">للوحة الجيوب بطاقات خاصة
تختلف عن البطاقات الومضية من حيث الشكل والمساحة والإستعمال.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ب.</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">أنواع السبورات:</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">السبورة
ذات الحامل: وهي سبورة خفيفة من الخشب, تعلّق على حامل خفيف. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">السبورة
ذات السطح اللفاف: وهي سبورة لها سطحٌ من القماش السميق المشمّعي, يلفُ على بكرات
في إتجاهين.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">السورة
الجدار: أكثر سبورات الطباشير إنتشارا, وهي تعرض علي الجدار أمام التلاميذ.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">السبورة
المطوية: وهي سبورة في شكل الخريطة, سطحها من القماش أو أية مادة ليية تصلح
للكتابة عليها, يمكن طيها وحملها بسهولة.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">السبورة
الملوّنة: ظهرت في الأيام الأخيرة أنواع من السبورات الملوّنة, منها ذات الوجه
الواحد ومنها ذات الوجهين: أحدهما أبيض والأخر ملوّن.</span></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ت.</span></span></b><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">المراجع</span></b><b><span dir="LTR" style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">محمود إسمعيل و الإخوان, <i>دليل
المعلم إلى إستخدام الصّور والبطاقات فى تعليم العربية, </i>مكتب التربية العرب لدول
الخليج, الرياض 1411_.1991.</span></div>
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<span dir="LTR" style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic";">http://www.trnim.com/vb/t22646.html</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>محز اليسرىhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01762372864007331110noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4598517765937227982.post-39206514741031838612012-04-20T07:26:00.000-07:002012-04-22T07:15:45.346-07:00EVALUASI DAN PENDEKATAN TES BAHASA<br />
<b><span style="font-size: 18pt;"></span></b><br />
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<b>EVALUASI DAN
PENDEKATAN TES BAHASA</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b>PENDAHULUAN</b></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Evaluasi merupakan bagian dari kegiatan kehidupan manusia sehari-hari.
Disadari atau tidak, orang sering melakukan evaluasi, baik terhadap dirinya
sendiri, orang lain maupun lingkungannya. Demikian pula halnya dalam dunia
pendidikan, untuk mencapai tujuan pendidikan khususnya tujuan pembelajaran
tersebut maka perlu adanya evaluasi.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Keberhasilan proses belajar mengajar di kelas dapat dilihat dari sejauh
mana penguasaan kompetensi yang telah dikuasai oleh seluruh siswa di kelas itu.
Pada dasarnya hasil belajar siswa dapat dinyatakan dalam tiga aspek, yang biasa
disebut dengan domain atau ranah, yaitu kognitif, afektif, dan psikomotorik.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Dalam proses pengajaran, tes merupakan alat yang
digunakan untuk mengetahui tercapai atau tidaknya suatu standar kompetensi
yang telah dipelajari oleh siswa di setiap pembelajaran.
Hal tersebut senada dengan pendapat ahli yang mengatakan bahwa tes merupakan alat
atau prosedur yang digunakan untuk mengetahui atau mengukur sesuatu dalam suasana,
dengan cara dan aturan-aturan yang sudah ditentukan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #474443;">Tes </span><span style="color: black;">bahasa</span><span style="color: #474443;"> dan pengajaran bahasa merupakan
dua kegiatan yang berhubungan secara erat. Yang pertama merupakan bagian dari
yang kedua. Tes bahasa dirancang dan dilaksanakan untuk memperoleh informasi
mengenai hal ihwal yang berkaitan dengan keefektifan pengajaran bahasa yang
dilakukan. </span></div>
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<b>B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b>PERMASALAHAN</b></div>
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Dari uraian di atas, pembahasan
makalah ini difokuskan pada :</div>
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1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Apa pengertian dan tujuan evaluasi
?</div>
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2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Apasajakah macam-macam pendekatan
tes bahasa ? </div>
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3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Bagaimana sejarah perkembangan
pendekatan tes bahasa ?</div>
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<b>C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b>PEMBAHASAN</b></div>
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<b>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b>Pengertian dan Tujuan Evaluasi
</b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(3, 4, 1);"></span></div>
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Menurut Roestiyah N.K. dalam
bukunya <i>Masalah-Masalah Ilmu Keguruan</i> menyebutkan pengertian evaluasi
adalah sebagai berikut :</div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Evaluasi adalah proses
memahami atau memberi arti, mendapatkan dan mengkomunikasikan suatu informasi
bagi petunjuk pihak-pihak pengambil keputusan.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(3, 4, 1);"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Evaluasi adalah kegiatan
mengumpulkan data seluas-luasnya, sedalam-dalamnya yang bersangkutan dengan
kapabilitas siswa, guna mengetahui sebab-akibat dan hasil belajar siswa yang
dapat mendorong dan mengembangkan kemampuan belajar.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(3, 4, 1);"></span></div>
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Tujuan Evaluasi yaitu
sebagai berikut :</div>
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a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Untuk mengetahui apakah siswa
telah menguasai keterampilan atau pengetahuan dasar tertentu.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(3, 4, 1);"></span></div>
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b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Untuk mengetahui kekuatan-kekuatan
dan kelemahan-kelemahan siswa dalam proses belajar.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(3, 4, 1);"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in 27.0pt .5in list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Untuk merangsang peserta didik
dalam menempuh proses pembelajaran.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(3, 4, 1);"></span></div>
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d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span><span dir="LTR"></span>Untuk mengetahui tingkat
efektivitas dari metode-metode pengajaran yang telah dipergunakan dalam proses
pembelajaran.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(3, 4, 1);"></span></div>
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Melihat pengertian dan tujuan dari
diadakannya evaluasi yang telah dipaparkan di atas, maka evaluasi sudah tidak
dapat terelakkan lagi dari pendidikan secara umumnya dan proses pembelajaran
secara khususnya. Dengan adanya evaluasi proses pembelajaran akan berlangsung
dengan lebih baik dan tujuan yang hendak dicapai dalam proses pembelajaran
tersebut lebih mudah untuk tercapai.<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(3, 4, 1);"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #474443;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b>Macam-Macam Pendekatan Tes Bahasa </b><span style="color: #474443;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #474443;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #474443;">Pendekatan
Tradisional</span></b><span style="color: #474443;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #474443;">Pendekatan tradisional adalah
istilah yang dipergunakan untuk mengacu pada penyelenggaraan (baca: perencanaan
dan pelaksanaan) tes bahasa yang cenderung mengadopsi prinsip bahwa tes
bahasa dititikberatkan pada tes tatabahasa dan terjemahan. Latar
belakangnya adalah adanya pengaruh <i>mainstream </i>pengajaran
bahasa yang dikenal dengan sebutan metode tatabahasa-terjemahan (g<i>rammar
translation method</i>). </span></div>
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<span style="color: #474443;">Metode ini, seperti yang
dikemukakan oleh Richards dan Rogers
(1988:3-4), memiliki prinsip-prinsip pengajaran antara lain: (a) mempelajari
bahasa asing adalah mempelajari bahasa dengan tujuan agar dapat
membaca kesusasteraannya; (b) membaca dan menulis adalah fokus utama
pengajaran, © ketepatan dalam penerjemahan sangat ditekankan, dan (d)
tatabahasa harus diajarkan secara deduktif, yakni beranjak dari kaidah-kaidah
lalu menuju pada contoh-contoh ilustrasinya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #474443; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: #474443;">Berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip
tersebut, maka pendekatan tes bahasa yang berkembang pada saat itu
mengisyaratkan pemakaian karya sastra. Karya sastra dalam hal ini dianggap
merupakan pemakaian bahasa yang ideal dari penuturnya sehingga evaluasi
terhadap penguasaan bahasa seseorang dengan menggunakan tes bahasa dilakukan
dengan menggunakan teks karya sastra. Kemudian bentuk tes bahasa yang
dikembangkan adalah penerjemahan dan atau penulisan esai. Dalam
perkembangannya, tes bahasa dengan prinsip-prinsip, model, dan karakter seperti
ini disebut pendekatan esai dan terjemahan.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #474443;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #474443;">Pendekatan
Diskret</span></b><span style="color: #474443;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #474443;">Dalam pendekatan ini,
istilah <i>diskret </i>oleh Savignon (1983) digunakan untuk
menggambarkan dua aspek yang berbeda dalam tes bahasa, yakni (1) isi atau
tugas, dan (2) model jawaban dan penyekoran jawaban. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #474443;">Dari segi <b>isi atau tugas</b>,
tes dengan pendekatan ini menyangkut satu aspek kebahasaan saja pada satu
kesempatan pengetesan, misalnya aspek fonologi, morfologi, sintaksis, atau
kosa-kata saja. Tiap satu butir soal hanya dimaksudkan untuk mengukur satu
aspek kebahasaan saja. Dari segi <b>model jawaban</b>, tes dengan
pendekatan ini berupa penjodohan (<i>matching</i>), benar-salah <i>(true-flase</i>),
pilihan ganda (<i>multiple choiche</i>), atau mengisi kotak kosong yang
disediakan dengan jawaban yang sudah tersedia pada kolom lain. Dari segi
penyekoran jawaban, model jawaban yang seperti itu sangat memudahkan guru atau
korektor dalam memberikan penilaian. Penyekoran berdasarkan model jawaban
seperti itu memiliki reliabilitas yang sangat tinggi. Dengan bantuan komputer
misalnya, penyekoran jawaban hampir 100% tidak diragukan lagi keakuratannya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #474443;">Pendekatan diskret ini secara
jelas mengadopsi prinsip-prinsip umum dalam strukturalisme, behaviorisme,
dan audiolingualisme. Dari strukturalisme, prinsip yang diambil adalah
(1) bahasa itu tuturan lisan dan bukan tulisan, dan (2) bahasa itu
merupakan suatu sistem. Pertama, prinsip bahwa <i>bahasa itu tuturan lisan</i> telah
menyadarkan para ahli tes bahasa bahwa tuturan lisan adalah bahasa yang pertama
dan utama dari manusia. Karya sastra yang selama ini diagung-agungkan sebagai
satu-satunya sumber pengetesan bahasa akhirnya disadari hanyalah rekonstruksi
dari pemakaian bahasa yang sesungguhnya. Keyakinan baru akan prinsip ini
kemudian membongkar kebiasaan lama pengetesan bahasa yang melulu hanya
menggunakan karya sastra semata. Kedua, prinsip bahwa <i>bahasa itu merupakan
sistem</i> menunjukkan bahwa bahasa dipandang memiliki sub-sub unit
yang saling berhubungan membentuk suatu struktur, mulai dari tingkat bunyi,
kata, dan kalimat. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #474443;">Bentuk tes diskret kebahasaan
yang dapat dikembangkan : </span></div>
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<span style="color: #474443; font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #474443;">Pertama
adalah tes bunyi bahasa. Tes bunyi bahasa dapat berupa: mengenal bunyi bahasa,
membedakan bunyi bahasa, melafalkan bunyi bahasa, melafalkan kata-kata,
melafalkan pasangan kata, melafalkan rangkaian kalimat, dan membaca teks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 71.7pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 1.0in 81.0pt list 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #474443; font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #474443;">Kedua adalah
tes kosa kata. Tes ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan penguasaan kosa kata
testi, baik secara pasif reseptif maupun aktif produktif. Tes ini
meliputi: menunjukkan benda berdasarkan kata yang disebutkan, memperagakan
berdasarkan kata yang disebutkan, memberikan padanan kata, memberikan sinonim
kata, memberikan lawan kata, dan melengkapi kalimat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 1.0in 81.0pt list 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #474443; font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: #474443;">Ketiga adalah tes tatabahasa. Tes ini meliputi
pembentukan kata, pembentukan frasa, dan pembentukan kalimat. Variasi bentuk
tes ini antara lain (a) pada pembentukan kata: menunjukkan asal kata, membentuk
kata turunan, menyesuaikan bentuk kata; (b) pada pembentukan frasa: menyusun
kata-kata, melengkapi kata menjadi frasa, membentuk frasa, menjelaskan makna
frasa; (c) pembentukan kalimat: mengenal kalimat, membentuk kalimat, menyusun
kalimat, dan mengubah kalimat.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #474443;">c)</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #474443;">Pendekatan
Integratif</span></b><span style="color: #474443;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #474443;">Menurut Carroll (1961)
disebut pendekatan integratif. Jika dalam pendekatan diskret, aspek-aspek
kebahasaan dan kemampuan berbahasa itu diperlakukan secara terpisah, maka dalam
pendekatan integratif aspek-aspek bahasa dan kemampuan berbahasa itu dicakup
secara bersamaan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #474443;">Menurut Oller (1979) jika dalam
tes diskret hanya diujikan satu aspek kebahasaan saja pada satu waktu, maka
dalam tes integratif berusaha diukur beberapa aspek kebahasaan secara
bersamaan. Prinsip ini sesuai dengan pandangan psikologi Gestalt
yang intinya “bahwa tingkah laku itu dipelajari sebagai kesatuan yang tidak
terpisahkan atau “<i>gestalts”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #474443; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></b></span></span></a></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #474443;">Berdasarkan pandangan ini, maka
tes integratif tidak secara khusus mengeteskan salah satu aspek kebahasaan
seperti fonologi, morfologi, sintaksis, atau kosa kata, atau salah satu dari
kemampuan berbahasa seperti membaca, menulis, berbicara, atau menyimak,
melainkan sebuah tes dalam satu waktu meliputi beberapa aspek kebahasaan dan
kemampuan berbahasa sekaligus. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #474443;">Mengubah bentuk suatu kalimat menjadi bentuk kalimat
yang lain, misalnya, tidak saja menuntut kemampuan testi tentang pengetahuan
struktur kalimat, melainkan juga memerlukan penguasaan perubahan bentuk kata,
dan bahkan makna kata yang merupakan bagian dari penguasaan kosa kata.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #474443;">d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #474443;">Pendekatan
Pragmatik</span></b><span style="color: #474443;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt .75in 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #474443;">Pendekatan pragmatic pada awalnya
digunakan dalam kaitannya dengan teori tentang kemampuan memahami berdasarkan
kemampuan tata bahasa pragmatik (pragmatic expectancy grammar). Kemampuan itu merupakan kemampuan untuk
memahami teks atau wacana, tidak hanya dalam konteks linguistic melainkan juga
dengan memanfaatkan kemampuan pemahaman unsur-unsur ekstra linguistic (seluk
beluk bidang yang dibahas dalam teks bacaan. </span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #474443;">e)</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: #474443;">Pendekatan
Komunikatif</span></b><span style="color: #474443;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt .75in 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #474443;">Tes bahasa komunikatif adalah tes yang melibatkan konsep kompetensi
komunikatif. Kompetensi komunikatif adalah suatu kompetensi yang melihat
kemampuan pelajar tidak hanya kemampuan membentuk kalimat yang benar tetapi
juga menggunakannya secara tepat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #474443; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; tab-stops: .25in 45.0pt .75in 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #474443;">Tes bahasa secara komunikatif
bertujuan untuk mengukur bagaimana orang yang diuji mampu menggunakan bahasa di
dalam situasi kehidupan nyata. </span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #474443;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b>Sejarah Perkembangan Tes Bahasa</b><span style="color: #474443;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .25in .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #474443;">Sampai saat ini telah ada beberapa ahli tes bahasa
yang secara khusus membahas perkembangan pendekatan tes bahasa. Beberapa
ahli tes bahasa itu adalah Spolsky (1978;1981), Oller (1979), Hinofotis (1981),
Masden (1983), Weir (1990), dan Brown (1996). Mereka telah berupaya
menyajikan suatu sejarah perkembangan pendekatan tes bahasa mulai dari
masa pelahiran sampai dengan masa perkembangan mutakhirnya.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #474443; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></span></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .25in .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #474443;">Istilah periodisasi dihindari mengingat bahwa
pelahiran pendekatan dalam tes bahasa sering terjadi secara simultan, tidak
selalu kronologis, serta kecenderungan pemakaian satu pendekatan dengan
pendekatan yang lain kerap kali terjadi dalam kurun waktu bersamaan di beberapa
tempat yang berbeda di dunia ini. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #474443;">Perkembangan pendekatan tes bahasa dimulai dengan pola
pikir pra-ilmiah. Tes bahasa dalam periode ini hanya mendasarkan diri
pada intuisi, kesan dan subjektivitas guru, dan tidak mendasarkan diri pada
bidang keilmuan lain seperti psikologi dan linguistik. Pada perkembangan
awal ini, tes bahasa yang dilakukan disebut dengan Pendekatan
Tradisional<b>.</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #474443;">Pada perkembangan berikutnya, pendekatan tes bahasa
mulai mendasarkan diri pada bidang-bidang keilmuan terkait seperti
strukturalisme dalam linguistik, audiolingualisme dalam pengajaran
bahasa, behaviorisme atau kognitivisme, serta psikometrik,
dalam bidang psikologi. Perkembangan pemikiran dalam bidang linguistik dan
psikologi ini di satu pihak, dan perkembangan pemikiran dalam model pengajaran
bahasa di pihak lain, telah mendorong lahirnya Pendekatan Diskret
dan Pendekatan Integratif dalam tes bahasa. Guru-guru bahasa di kelas mulai
merancang tes, menyusun bentuk-bentuk tes, menyelenggarakan tes, dan mengukur
hasil tes dengan menggunakan prinsip-prinsip baru yang ditemukan dan
dikembangkan dalam linguistik, psikologi, dan pengajaran bahasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .25in .5in 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #474443;">Yang terakhir, seiring dengan berkembangnya pemikiran
dalam bidang psikolinguistik dan sosiolinguistik, serta pendekatan komunikatif
dalam pengajaran bahasa. Tes bahasa yang berkembang adalah tes bahasa
dengan Pendekatan pragmatik dan<b> </b>Pendekatan komunikatif yang
merupakan pengembangan lebih lanjut dari pendekatan integratif. Dua pendekatan
ini, untuk saat ini, dianggap sebagai pendekatan mutakhir dalam penyelenggaraan
tes bahasa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 17.85pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: .25in list 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt;">
<b>D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><b>SIMPULAN</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
Dari uraian di atas dapat disimpulkan
sebagai berikut :</div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Evaluasi merupakan satu hal
yang penting untuk dilaksanakan dalam proses pembelajaran, agar tujuan yang
hendak dicapai dapat berjalan dengan baik.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Macam-macam pendekatan tes
bahasa</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: .25in .5in 45.0pt .75in 63.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<b><span style="color: #474443;">-</span></b><span style="color: #474443;">Pendekatan Tradisional</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: .25in .5in 45.0pt .75in 63.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="color: #474443;">-Pendekatan Diskret</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: .25in .5in 45.0pt .75in 63.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="color: #474443;">-Pendekatan Integratif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: .25in .5in 45.0pt .75in 63.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="color: #474443;">-Pendekatan Pragmatik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: .25in .5in 45.0pt .75in 63.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;">
<span style="color: #474443;">-Pendekatan Komunikatif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: .25in list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>Sejarah perkembangan tes
bahasa terjadi tidak secara kronologis maupun periodic, karena munculnya
pendekatan tes bahasa yang baru terkadang muncul secara bersamaan.</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b>DAFTAR PUSTAKA</b></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Acep Hermawan.
2011. <i>Metodologi Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab</i>. PT. Remaja Rosdakarya : Bandung. </span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anas Sudijono.
1996. <i>Pengantar Evaluasi Pendidikan</i>. PT. Raja Grafindo Persada : Jakarta</span>.<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Slameto. 2001. <i>Evaluasi
Pendidikan</i>. PT. Bumi Aksara : Jakarta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://perseba.blogspot.com/2009/11/pendekatan-tes-bahasa.html">http://perseba.blogspot.com/2009/11/pendekatan-tes-bahasa.html</a>
diambil pada tanggal 01 April 2012.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://sejarah_tesbahasa.com/">http://sejarah_tesbahasa.com</a>. diambil
pada tanggal 01 April 2012.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://www.acam-macam_pendekatan_bahasa.com/">http://www.acam-macam_pendekatan_bahasa.com</a>.
diambil pada tanggal 01 April 2012.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> Slameto.
2001. <i>Evaluasi Pendidikan</i>. PT. Bumi Aksara : Jakarta.
hal.4.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a>
Acep Hermawan. 2011. <i>Metodologi Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab</i>. PT. Remaja
Rosdakarya : Bandung.
Hal.276.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> <i>Op.cit</i>.
Hal.6.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> Anas
Sudijono. 1996. <i>Pengantar Evaluasi Pendidikan</i>. PT. Raja Grafindo Persada
: Jakarta.
Hal.16.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://perseba.blogspot.com/2009/11/pendekatan-tes-bahasa.html">http://perseba.blogspot.com/2009/11/pendekatan-tes-bahasa.html</a>
diambil pada tanggal 01 April 2012.</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a> <a href="http://www.acam-macam_pendekatan_bahasa.com/">http://www.acam-macam_pendekatan_bahasa.com</a>.
diambil pada tanggal 01 April 2012.</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[7]</span></span></span></a> Acep
Hermawan. 2011. <i>Metodologi Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab</i>. PT. Remaja
Rosdakarya : Bandung.
Hal.286..</div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4598517765937227982#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10pt;">[8]</span></span></span></a> <a href="http://sejarah_tesbahasa.com/">http://sejarah_tesbahasa.com</a>. diambil
pada tanggal 01 April 2012.</div>
</div>
</div>محز اليسرىhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01762372864007331110noreply@blogger.com1